Category Archives: Japan

the macro cons

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Skipping the pros and focusing on the cons regarding the economy:

1. 0 rates (including QE) continue to be a highly deflationary bias that require deficits to be that much higher.

2. The FICA hike’s a serious setback that reduces growth from 3 or 4% to 1.5 or 2.5% or less.

3. Corporate cash building, foreign dollar accumulation, pension fund rebuilding, etc. are demand leakages

4. Past expansions were fueled by things we won’t do again- sub prime fraud, tech/y2k bubble, S&L expansion leg, emerging market fx debt fueled bubble, etc.- and that Japan has been careful to avoid.

5. Global austerity, where, in general, everyone of consequence thinks the problem is deficits are too large when in fact they are far too small for current credit conditions.

The January ‘bounce back’ from avoiding the cliff, debt ceiling delay, ideologues angry at the election results, etc. and the head fakes from the accelerated dividends and bonuses in Dec, seasonal issues with claims, the strong euro, some relatively modest China strength, and a few other things, is all fading fast.

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Japan Pension Funds Bonds Too Many If Abe Succeeds, Mitani

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For all practical purposes this is about and part of ‘official policy’ to weaken the yen if they do it.

That is, it’s not a reaction to govt policy, it is govt policy.

Japan Pension Funds Bonds Too Many on Abe Plan, Mitani Says

By Anna Kitanaka, Toshiro Hasegawa & Yumi Ikeda

Feb 4 (Bloomberg) — Japans public pension fund, the worlds biggest manager of retirement savings, is considering the first change to its asset balance as a new governments policies could erode the value of $747 billion in local bonds.

Managers of the Government Pension Investment Fund, which oversees about 108 trillion yen ($1.16 trillion) in assets, will begin talks in April about reducing its 67 percent target allocation to domestic bonds, President Takahiro Mitani said in a Feb. 1 interview in Tokyo. The fund may increase holdings in emerging market stocks and start buying alternative assets.

The GPIF, created in 2006, didnt alter the structure of its holdings during the worst global financial crisis in 80 years or in response to the 2011 earthquake and nuclear disaster. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the Bank of Japan (8301) have pledged to restore economic growth and spur inflation, which will mean higher interest rates, Mitani said.

If we think about the future and if interest rates go up, then 67 percent in bonds does look harsh, said Mitani, who was appointed in 2010 after serving as an executive director at the Bank of Japan. We will review this soon. We will begin discussions for this in April-to-May. Any changes to our portfolio could begin at the end of the next fiscal year.

GPIF, one of the biggest buyers of Japanese government bonds, held 69.3 trillion yen, or 64 percent of total assets, in domestic debt at the end of September, according to its latest quarterly financial statement. That compares with 12 trillion yen, or 11 percent, in Japanese stocks; 9.6 trillion yen, or 9 percent, in foreign bonds; and 12.6 trillion yen, or 12 percent, in overseas stocks.

Relative Yield

The fund, which took over management of government employee retirement savings when it was set up, returned to profit in the three months ended Dec. 31 from a 1.4 percent loss in the first six months of the fiscal year, Mitani said. He declined to be more specific. It needs to raise about 6.4 trillion yen this fiscal year through March 31 to meet payments.

The yield on Japans 10-year government bond climbed 3.5 basis points to 0.8 percent as of 4:35 p.m. in Tokyo today. By comparison, the projected dividend yield for the Topix Index (TPX), the countrys broadest measure of equity performance, is 2.05 percent. The Topix added 1.4 percent today.

Japans bonds handed investors a 1.8 percent return in 2012, according to a Bank of America Merrill Lynch Index, compared with the 18 percent surge in the Topix.

Even as shares jumped amid optimism surrounding Abes stimulus plans, benchmark Japanese government bond yields have remained below their five-year average yield of 1.18 percent. Benchmark 10-year yields are the lowest in the world after Switzerland and are less than half the level in the U.S.

Rates Outlook

JGBs were how we made money over the past 10 years, Mitani said. The BOJ said that they are increasing buying bonds, but theyre also putting power into lowering interest rates. If the economy gets better, then long-term interest rates like a 10-year yield at less than 1 percent are unlikely.

The five-year JGB rate touched a record low 0.14 percent last month amid speculation the Bank of Japan will expand bond purchases as part of the monetary easing advocated by Abe.

The comments by Mitani show the pension manager needs to consider higher-risk, higher-yield assets to help fund retirements of the worlds oldest population. About 26 percent of the nation is older than 65, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

Under Mitanis leadership, the GPIF began buying emerging- market assets in September 2011 and started purchasing shares in countries included in the MSCI Emerging Market Index (MXEF) last year. Mitani said in July 2012 that the fund was selling JGBs to pay for peoples entitlements and might consider alternative investments as it seeks better returns.

100 Years

We havent changed the core portfolio for a long time so it was thought that its about time to review this, Mitani said. The portfolio was based on a prerequisite of things such as long-term interest rates at 3 percent on average for the next 100 years. Whether this is good will be a possible point of discussion.

Holdings have been broadly unchanged since inception, when the fund was formulated with an outlook for consumer prices to rise 1 percent annually. Instead, the nations headline CPI has fallen an average 0.1 percent each month since the start of 2006, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

The Bank of Japan last month doubled its inflation target to 2 percent, a level last seen in 1997, when a sales tax was increased, with no sustained price gains of that magnitude in two decades. Falling prices reduce incentives to borrow and invest in new business projects, erode tax receipts and increase the attractiveness of saving in cash rather than spending or putting money into stocks or bonds.

Topix Surge

GPIF is the biggest pension fund in the world by assets, followed by Norways government pension fund, according to the Towers Watson Global 300 survey in August.

Japans Topix Index surged 30 percent from Nov. 14, when elections were announced, through Feb. 1 on optimism the Liberal Democratic Party will lead the economy out of recession and end deflation. The yen weakened almost 14 percent against the dollar in that time, and touched its lowest level since May 2010 last week.

Even after 12 straight weekly advances, the longest streak in 40 years, the Topix is still 67 percent below its December 1989 record high.

Relative Value

The measure trades for 1.1 times the value of net assets. That compares with 2.3 times for the S&P 500, 1.6 times for the Hang Seng Index and 1.9 times for the MSCI World Index. A reading above one means investors are paying more for a company than the value of its net assets.

The yen dropped 11 percent last year versus the dollar, the most since 2005. A weaker yen increases the value of exports and typically raises import costs, boosting consumer prices.

Japanese stocks do not look expensive, Mitani said. Were still in the middle of a rising stocks, weakening yen trend. It will continue for a while.

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a word on the euro, US deficit doves, and Japan

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As previously discussed, the euro looks to keep going up until the trade surplus reverses. Problem is the strong euro doesn’t necessarily cause the trade surplus to reverse, at least not in the short term. But it does tend to work against earnings and growth. And there’s nothing the ECB can do about it, short of buying dollars via direct intervention, which would be counter to their core ideology, as building dollar reserves would give the appearance of the dollar backing the euro. The solvency issue has now been behind them for quite a while, and still no sign of any ‘official’ recognition that deficits need to be higher to restore output and employment.

And, also as previously discussed, while the future was looking up for the US a few months ago, the caveat of ‘austerity’ has come into play with the year end FICA and other tax hikes, and now the odds are the sequesters are allowed to come into play March 1 as well. Note this has been Japan’s policy as well- fiscal tightening at the first sign of any hope for expansion. Fed policy also looks to remain restrictive as blatantly evidenced by the recent turn over of some $90 billion of ‘profits’ to the Treasury that otherwise would have been earned by the economy.

The headline ‘deficit doves’ pushing for larger deficits with their ‘out of paradigm’ arguments are also serving to continue to support austerity. They have been arguing that the low interest rates are a signal from the markets (as if they know anything about markets) indicating the economy wants the govt to sell more bonds. This is in response to the hawk’s equally out of paradigm argument that financing deficits will eventually drive up interest rates. So now that interest rates have started going higher, the dove’s case is for higher deficits is pretty much gone, removing the resistance to ‘getting our fiscal house in order’ just as the sequester date is approaching. Whether it’s gross ignorance or intellectual dishonesty doesn’t matter all that much at this point- it’s happening. At the same time oil and gasoline prices have been creeping up, taking a few more shekels away from consumers. January and it’s strong equity inflows/allocations and releases of December’s stats ends tomorrow. February’s releases of Jan stats will bring more post FICA hike clarity.

Japan’s weak yen, pro inflation policy seems to have been all talk with only a modest fiscal expansion to do the heavy lifting. Changing targets does nothing, nor does the BOJ have any tools that do the trick as evidenced now by two decades of using all those tools to the max. And while I’ve been saying all the while that 0 rates, QE, and all that are deflationary biases that make the yen stronger, there is no sign of that understanding even being considered by policy makers, so expect more of same. What has been happening to weaken the yen is a quasi govt policy of the large pension funds and insurance companies buying euro and dollar denominated bonds, which shifts their portfolio compositions from yen to euros and dollars, thereby acting to weaken the yen. I have no idea now long this will continue, but if history is any guide, it could go on for a considerable period of time. Yes, it adds substantial fx risk to those institutions, but that kind of thing has never gotten in the way before. And should it all blow up some day, look for the govt to simply write the check and move on.

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Japan’s debt approaches 1 quadrillion yen

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Debt approaching 1 quadrillion, and the highest as a % of GDP anywhere I know of, and still no bond vigilantes in sight!

Who would have thought???

Not to mention decades of 0 rates, massive QE, and in general the BOJ trying as hard as it can to inflate.

Maybe it’s not all that easy for a CB to cause inflation???

Anyway, net fiscal will add a bit to GDP, but nothing serious, and the hawkish rhetoric doesn’t seem to have changed any.

And note the cuts in welfare ‘paying for’ the increases in defense and infrastructure.

Of the Y92.6 trillion yen in spending, Y43.1 trillion will be financed with tax revenues and Y42.9 trillion with issuance of new bonds, adding to Japan’s massive public sector debt that already totals nearly Y1 quadrillion.

The FY2013 budget does show clear differences from those of the previous DPJ administration, with a clear shift away from social welfare toward defense and infrastructure programs.


It calls for a reduction of Y67 billion in welfare benefits over the next three years, an increase of Y712 billion, or 15.6% in public works programs and a Y35 billion, or 0.8% increase in spending for the Self-Defense Forces.

“Adequate amounts have been provided to ensure the safety of public infrastructure and to address public concerns about national defense,” Mr. Aso said.

The LDP’s call for aggressive public works spending got better reception after the collapse of an expressway tunnel in December that killed nine people. Simmering tensions with China have also increased support for spending programs to improve security of Japanese territory.

In a policy address Monday, Mr. Abe vowed to erase fiscal deficits in the medium-to-long term, but stopped short of saying when, leaving the task to his economic advisory panel.

Sayuri Kawamura, a Japan Research Institute economist, is worried that not enough attention has been given to the risk of fiscal implosion.

“As debt piles up, the cost of servicing that debt also goes up, eating deeper into tax revenue, and leaving less and less for policy programs. The government hasn’t explained how they are going to deal with this challenge,” Ms. Kawamura said.

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Shirakawa Leaves Onus on Abe for Stimulus as Action Deferred

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Monetary doesn’t do the trick in any case. If this leads to a larger fiscal adjustment give him credit for the assist, intentional or not.

Shirakawa Leaves Onus on Abe for Stimulus as Action Deferred

By Toru Fujioka & Isabel Reynolds

January 22 (Bloomberg) — The Bank of Japan (8301)’s decision to hold off on fresh monetary stimulus for a year puts pressure on the Abe administration to revive growth through fiscal measures and risks capping losses in the yen that aid export competitiveness.

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BOJ Adopts Abes 2% Target in Commitment to Ending Deflation

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This of course fundamentally does nothing of consequence for aggregate demand or the level of the currency. The extra deficit spending due to start in April is what will help a bit.

BOJ Adopts Abes 2% Target in Commitment to Ending Deflation

By Toru Fujioka and Masahiro Hidaka

January 22 (Bloomberg) — The Bank of Japan set a 2 percent inflation target and shifted to Federal Reserve-style open-ended asset purchases in its strongest commitment yet to ending two decades of deflation.

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Friday update

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So just like Japan, as soon as the economy starts doing a bit better we hike taxes. Still too early to say how the FICA hike will impact sales and profits, but it will. And spending cuts are on the way, though they may be delayed.

Not to forget the debt ceiling thing about to be kicked 3 months down the road as it stands guard to ensure ‘meaningful’ spending cuts.

Oil firm, but can still go either way. WTI converging to Brent indicates the seaway pipeline capacity increase may be enough to drain the surplus at pad 2, bringing wti up to brent, but too soon to tell for sure. And looks like the demand for saudi crude is dropping some, but not enough to dislodge them from being
swing producer/price setter.

Looks to me like the whole world is becoming ‘more competitive’ so it all cancels out. Bad for people, ok for stocks, with profits running at record highs as a % of GDP. Meaning the federal deficit has to be that much higher, all else equal, to fill the output gap.

The yen keeps going down. Looking more and more to me it’s off the radar screen intervention by the likes of insurance co’s, pension funds, and other quasi govt agencies got the note to buy fx denominated bonds in size. Not sure how far they will take it, but they have a serious herd instinct that has formed serious multi year bubbles in the past.

Europe? They fixed the solvency issue, sort of, and now just have the economy thing to deal with. Problem is the ECB grants solvency only with conditionality. Good luck to them.

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Check this Insanity – they want that 2% inflation

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Yes!

New Govt Office To Advise Small Firms On Consumption Tax

January 16 (Nikkei) — The government plans to set up a new office to provide advice to small businesses that wish to transfer consumption tax increases to the prices of their products and services, prior to the introduction of the 8% tax rate in April 2014, The Nikkei has learned.

Subcontractors are becoming concerned that they may be pressured into not passing tax increases over to their product and service prices, as many of them do not have the advantage in price negotiations.


The new office will address such concerns by helping firms to avoid taking on excessive costs. It will accept inquiries and complaints from throughout Japan by telephone and e-mail.


The Japan Fair Trade Commission will work closely with relevant ministries to inspect companies that are suspected of having rejected requests for price increases from their suppliers. The government also plans to come up with new legislation to impose strict controls on such companies.

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Japan should buy the platinum coin?

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Abe revived this panel. Lots of cross pressures as to whether to increase deficit spending or not. If not, they could continue to be the land of the rising yen, as ‘monetary policy’ short of actual fx purchases doesn’t cut it.

As previously discussed, while reported reserves have remained flat since the last announced intervention, there are signs actual fx reserves have been rising from what is functionally intervention not counted as official intervention, but I can’t yet say for sure.

And note that the purchase of a US Treasury $1 trillion platinum coin would weaken the yen and put off the US debt ceiling issue…

;)

Govt Starts Talks On Fiscal Reform At Revived Key Policy Panel

TOKYO (Kyodo) — A revived Japanese government economic policy panel started discussions Wednesday on how to rehabilitate the nation’s finances in the longer term, with the government’s plan to issue more debt to fund a stimulus package stirring concern over the nation’s fiscal health.

The meeting of the Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy was the first in three and a half years. The panel had played a leading role in putting together economic and fiscal policy under the government of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi of the Liberal Democratic Party.

During Wednesday’s meeting of the panel revived by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who took office on Dec. 26, participants exchanged views on an emergency economic stimulus package slated to be approved by the Cabinet on Friday.

The government led by the LDP, which returned to power in the Dec. 16 general election after three years in opposition, also began discussions on mapping out the basic policy for an initial budget for the next fiscal year starting April and medium-to-long term economic and fiscal policy blueprints.

Abe’s government is considering approving an emergency stimulus package of over 20 trillion yen ($228.7 billion) to boost Japan’s slowing export-reliant economy, and compiling a 13.1 trillion yen extra budget for the current fiscal year to finance it, sources close to the matter said Tuesday.

To cover the shortfall in revenue needed to pay for the supplementary budget, Tokyo is making arrangements to issue an additional 5.2 trillion yen in construction bonds for fiscal 2012, the sources said.

The move has focused attention on how the LDP-led government will show a commitment to restoring Japan’s precarious fiscal health, the worst among major developed countries.

If fears intensify that progress on fiscal reform has stalled, long-term interest rates could spike as investors become reluctant to buy government bonds due to fears of default, dampening corporate and private investment and dragging down the broader economy, some analysts have warned.

The previous government led by the Democratic Party of Japan had set as its fiscal reform target halving Japan’s primary balance deficit — total expenditures in excess of total revenues, excluding interest payments on debt — by the end of fiscal 2015.

Abe is eager to finalize by June the basic fiscal policy, which could include a plan to put Japan on a path toward fiscal restoration, the sources said.

The Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy, first established in 2001 but put on ice after the DPJ took power in 2009, would function as the “control tower” of Japan’s macroeconomic policies, Abe has said.

The Bank of Japan governor is requested to join the council’s meetings along with business leaders and academics, with Abe saying he wants to deepen communication with the central bank chief there.

Abe has pledged to beat the nation’s chronic deflation, urging the BOJ to aggressively ease monetary policy until a 2 percent inflation rate is achieved.

Financial market participants said they are paying attention to whether Abe will put additional pressure on current BOJ Governor Masaaki Shirakawa to do more during the meeting late Wednesday, ahead of the BOJ’s Policy Board meeting on Jan. 21 and 22, at which the central bank is expected to introduce a 2 percent inflation target, as requested by Abe.

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Japan- Foreign countries have no right to lecture us

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This confirming much of what’s been previous discussed.

The remaining question whether there already has been direct intervention, as evidenced by rising fx reserves.

Interestingly, with floating fx it’s operationally easy for Central Banks to offset each other’s intervention. For example, if the BOJ buys dollars the Fed could simply buy the yen. Each CB would have a deposit on the other’s books and the (global) economy wouldn’t know the difference.

Also interestingly, all governments currently miss the point that exports are real (real vs nominal) costs and imports are real benefits.

So the CB that weakens its currency is in fact gifting the world superior real terms of trade via lower export prices via lower domestic real wages, etc. as it reduces its own real terms of trade.

Japan Rebuke to G-20 Nations May Signal More Moves to Weaken Yen

By Eunkyung Seo and Masaki Kondo

December 31 (Bloomberg) — Japanese purchases of foreign bonds to weaken the yen may become more likely as the nation rejects trading partners’ rights to criticize its currency policies.

“Foreign countries have no right to lecture us,” Finance Minister Taro Aso told reporters at a briefing in Tokyo on Dec. 28. He said that the U.S. should have a stronger dollar and questioned whether major Group of 20 nations had stuck to pledges from 2009 to avoid competitive currency devaluations.

Japan’s new Prime Minister Shinzo Abe may accept trade friction as a cost of spurring growth and countering deflation through a looser monetary policy and weaker yen. The currency is set to complete its biggest annual decline in seven years after Abe’s Liberal Democratic Party secured a landslide victory in this month’s lower-house election. During his campaign, Abe said foreign-bond purchases were a possible monetary tool.

“The LDP wants to boost stock prices before the upper- house election in July next year, and the easiest option for them is to weaken the currency,” said Satoshi Okagawa, a senior global-markets analyst in Singapore at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp., a unit of Japan’s second-biggest bank by market value. “The explicit policy to weaken the yen is likely to upset the U.S. and China.”

The yen was at 86.08 per dollar as of 7:30 a.m. in London after touching 86.64 on Dec. 28, the weakest since August 2010. It traded at 113.53 per euro.

Currency Promises

The currency has dropped more than 10 percent versus the greenback since the end of 2011, set to complete the biggest annual slump since 2005. At the same time, the yen remains about 30 percent higher than it was five years ago.

In his Dec. 28 comments, Aso, a former prime minister, said that Japan and other countries made “a promise not to resort to competitive currency devaluations” at a G-20 meeting in 2009. “How many countries have kept the promise? The U.S. should have a stronger dollar. What about the euro?” he asked. “Foreign countries have no right to lecture us” as Japan is the only major economy to keep the pledge, Aso said.

The U.S. criticized Japan for undertaking unilateral sales of the yen in August and October last year, after Group of Seven economies earlier jointly intervened to weaken the currency in the aftermath of an earthquake and tsunami.

“Rather than reacting to domestic ‘strong yen’ concerns by intervening to try to influence the exchange rate, Japan should take fundamental and thoroughgoing steps to increase the dynamism of the domestic economy,” the Treasury Department said in a report in December last year.

Shrinking Economy

The Liberal Democratic Party faces the task of reviving growth after the economy contracted for the past two quarters, meeting the textbook definition of a recession. The nation’s industrial output tumbled more than forecast in November to the lowest level since the aftermath of last year’s record quake.

At the same time, stock prices are climbing, with Toyota Motor Corp. at a more than two-year high, as a weaker yen and prospects for central-bank easing brighten the outlook for exporters. Such improvements may cause concern for some of Japan’s Asian neighbors.

“South Korea is one of the countries most vulnerable to the weak yen policy as many export items are in direct competition, such as cars and electronic goods,” said Lee Sang Jae, a Seoul-based economist at Hyundai Securities Co. “Japan will try whatever it can to stop the deflation and to weaken the yen for export growth.”

Shirakawa’s Caution

After a Dec. 28 call with U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner, Aso said he had told Geithner that the yen was making some corrections from one-sided moves and Aso would keep monitoring changes in the currency.

Bank of Japan (8301) Governor Masaaki Shirakawa, whose five-year term ends in April, has rejected suggestions that the bank buy foreign bonds and called for respect for the BOJ’s independence. Such a policy would amount to currency intervention, which is the responsibility of the finance minister, he says.

At the same time, the Nikkei newspaper on Dec. 29 cited Shirakawa as saying that central bank and government must work together to overcome deflation. Abe is pressing for the Bank of Japan to adopt a 2 percent inflation target, compared with a current goal of 1 percent. Consumer prices excluding fresh food fell 0.1 percent in November from a year earlier, showing the central bank is struggling to fulfil even the lesser ambition.

The LDP proposed in its campaign manifesto establishing a joint BOJ, Ministry of Finance and private sector fund to buy foreign bonds. Takatoshi Ito, a former finance ministry official and a possible contender to become central-bank governor, said in a Dec. 6 interview that the BOJ “can and should buy foreign bonds,” adding that such a move is possible if the finance minister publicly declares support for it.

In a note this month, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. said that foreign bond purchases are contrary to the legislation governing the BOJ. At the same time, it’s possible that the government may cajole the central bank into putting money into a proposed private-public vehicle for investment in foreign asssets, the lender said.

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