Category Archives: Banking

TRICHET: WE STAND READY TO SUPPLY UNLIMITED LIQUIDITY

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He’s got this part right, and it would nice if the Fed took notice and acted likewise for it’s banking system.

The way I say it is the liability side of banking is not the place for market discipline.

Also note, banks don’t need capital to function.
In fact, up until not that long ago most euro banking was by ‘national’ banks
which means they have no private capital.

Directly or indirectly,
regulators shut banks down, not markets.

See my banking proposals at:

Proposals for the Banking System, Treasury, Fed, and FDIC (draft)

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ECB allowing corporate accounts threatens Germany

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First, I don’t have confirmation this is happening the way it’s being reported.

But if it is, it opens the door for German rates to rise with credit concerns.

Without direct ECB accounts, holders of euro balances have only credit sensitive options as depositories for their funds.
These include euro banks, where deposit insurance is only via their national govt., corporate liabilities including debt and equities, and national govt. debt.

With nowhere else to go, and Germany perceived as the safest of the lot, and therefore German yields have plunged relative to other debt instruments as risk perceptions have escalated.

However, if private companies can bank directly at the ECB, Germany can quickly lose it’s TINA (there is no alternative) status, and instead be valued as an alternative to an actual ‘risk free’ depository- the ECB itself- putting Germany in the same boat with the other member nations.

Additionally, the time seems right for a new (private sector) euro member bank to emerge that’s a pure ‘depository bank’ with its assets limited to deposits at the ECB, charging its depositors a fee for this service, much like a money market fund. This, too, would have the same effect on Germany.

So while Germany is the strongest of the euro member nations, it is none the less not the issuer of the euro, and has debt ratios that are far higher than what markets would ordinarily fund for non issuers of a currency. However, as long as it continues as the ‘investment of last resort’ for holders of euro rates can remain far lower than otherwise.

Siemens Shelters Up to $8 Billion at ECB
Published: Tuesday, 20 Sep 2011 | 12:46 AM ET

 
Siemens withdrew more than half-a-billion euros in cash deposits from a large French bank two weeks ago and transferred it to the European Central Bank, in a sign of how companies are seeking havens amid Europe’s sovereign debt crisis.

 
The German industrial group withdrew the money partly because of concerns about the future financial health of the bank and partly to benefit from higher interest rates paid by the ECB, a person with direct knowledge of the matter told the Financial Times.

 
In total, Siemens has parked between 4 billion euros ($5.4 billion) and 6 billion euros at the ECB’s facilities, mostly through one-week deposits, this person said. Only a handful of large companies have the banking licences that allow them to deposit cash directly with the ECB.

 
Siemens’ move demonstrates the impact of the eurozone’s deepening sovereign debt crisis on confidence in European banks.

 
It was not clear from which bank Siemens withdrew its deposits. A person familiar with BNP Paribas said, however, that it was not the bank involved.

 
Siemens and the ECB declined to comment.

 
The company’s move came almost a year after Europe’s largest engineering conglomerate prepared itself for a future financial crisis by launching its own bank, an unusual move for an industrial group outside the car sector, where companies run big car financing and leasing businesses.

 
In an interview last December, Roland Châlons-Browne, chief executive of Siemens’ financial services unit, said its banking business would enable the group to tap the central bank for liquidity and deposit cash at the ECB.

 
“In the case of another financial crisis, we will be able to broaden our flexibility and take out risk with our own bank,” Mr Châlons-Browne said at the time.

 
Siemens does not only use the ECB as a haven; it also gets paid a slightly higher interest rate than it would get from a commercial bank.

 
The ECB paid an average interest rate last week of 1.01 percent for its regular offers of one-week deposits, under which it withdraws from the financial system an amount of liquidity equivalent to the amount it has spent on eurozone government bonds.

 
That compares with an average overnight interest rate paid by eurozone banks of 0.95 percent.

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The UMKC Buckaroo- A Currency Model for World Prosperity

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It’s been more than 10 years since the economics department at UMKC (University of Missouri at Kansas City) introduced its own currency.
It’s called the buckaroo, named in sync with the school mascot, the kangaroo.
It all began when the department indicated a desire to have students contribute their time to community service.
I suggested they do it by introducing a new currency, which would both, for the most part, accomplish the intended purpose and give the students and up close and personal knowledge of currency dynamics.

It works something like this:

All students are required to submit 20 buckaroos by the end of the semester to get their grades.
Buckaroos can be earned by doing designated community service jobs.
There is no limit to how many buckaroo a student may earn.
Buckaroos are freely transferable.

First, a bit of history. In the late 1990’s, when the program began, it was reported that students had exchanged buckaroo with each other at a price of $5 each.
More recently, buckaroo have been reportedly exchanged for $15 each.

Therefore, the buckaroo has problably been the strongest ‘paper currency’ in the world, outperforming the S and P and most other investements.

There has always been ‘full employment’ in that any student can work for and be paid buckaroo at the designated community organizations without limit.

There has been a 0 interest rate policy since inception, in that the UMKC does not offer interest bearing buckaroo deposits.

The UMKC has run a continuous fiscal buckaroo deficit in that, from inception, it has always spent more buckaroo than it has collected.

The value of the buckaroo has been ‘internally stable’ from inception, in that one buckaroo has always been able to purchase 1 hour of student labor.

The buckaroo has been operating continuously in a small, open economy, with multiple other currencies trading around it simultaneously.

There has been continuous full employment with no capital controls, no trade restrictions, and no banking arrangements.

Furthermore, it has been obvious to the students that:

The buckaroo is a (simple) case of a public monopoly.
The UMCK’s buckaroo fiscal deficit is exactly equal to the buckaroos saved by the students and their associates.
The value of the buckaroo is a function of what the students have to do to earn a buckaroo from the UMKC.
The buckaroo functions first to move student labor from private to public domain.
The buckaroo has operated and sustained its public purpose independently of foreign central bank policies.

Additionally, the students have recognized how variations in outcomes from the utilization of other currencies
can be traced directly to variations in the policies of the issuers of the various currencies.

For example, it’s obvious to the students that if the UMKC attempted to run a fiscal surplus- spend fewer than the 20 buckaroo per student it required as payment to get one’s grades- the results would be highly problematic and counter to public purpose.

It’s also obvious to the students that if, for example, the UMKC started paying 2 buckaroo per hour rather than 1, the buckaroos would probably
exchange for $7.50 each rather than the current $15.00 each.

They also recognize how problematic it would be if UMKC limited its total buckaroo spending
to anything less than what the students wanted to earn
to be able to both pay the required tax of 20 buckaroo and save buckaroo as they may desire.

And they also recognize that if the UMKC decided to buy other goods and service with buckaroo from willing sellers,
they could do that, but that said purchases would tend to reduce the student labor that the community service providers would attract.

The UMKC, as well as the students, have failed to identify any public purposes that may be served by having the UMKC pay interest
on buckaroo savings, so the 0 interest rate policy remains in place.

The students fully recognize that if the UMKC ends the 20 buckaroo tax, the buckaroo will have no further value.

The students have gained an awareness of how, for example,
wealthy students can opt out of community service by purchasing buckaroo from more needy students.

They have reconized how the issues of theft and corruption influence the currency and people’s lives.

In general, the buckaroo as been a fully functioning currency that has directed student labor to community service,
and at the same time provided an invaluable educational experience to the students.

And it’s also made it obvious that the world’s leaders and their economists are necessarily subversive and/or ignorant.

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Pilkington highlights Mosler’s ECB distribution proposal

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thanks, well researched and much needed!!!

http://blogs.independent.ie/independent_blog/2011/09/economic-solutions-political-impediments-and-the-circus-that-we-call-europephilip-pilkington-conflicting-messages-coming-ou.html

FINANCIAL CRISIS: Deeper malaise at heart of the European project

 
PHILIP PILKINGTON

Conflicting messages coming out of euroland of late. On the one hand we have a German constitutional court ruling that any permanent action on behalf of the European authorities to stymie the current crisis and pose a risk to other countries are unconstitutional. Add to that Angela Merkel saying that eurobonds are ‘absolutely wrong’. Yet on the other hand, we have Jose Manuel Barroso, the president of the European Committee, coming out saying that a eurobond proposal is imminent. Clearly these two official statements conflict with one another.
Lying behind this latest conflict in euroland is a much deeper conflict: that between full fiscal union and breakup. Eurobonds are seen by many in the EU as the first step toward full federal integration. Sure, the proponents tell us that eurozone-wide bonds would only be issued to back the currently deteriorating position of the sovereign nations in fiscal difficulty, but it’s obvious to all that institutional reforms would have to follow.

 
Eurobonds would effectively centralise the burden of government expenditure in the eurozone. All states would back the eurobond and all states would, in turn, be backed by the eurobond. Sovereign government debt would gradually wane in importance as the European-wide bonds rose in prominence. With this would come the debate over how fiscal policy should be managed in the union. If states no longer bear the ultimate burden of financing themselves why should they be allowed to make their own taxing and spending decisions?

 
The trajectory then appears inevitable. Those in the eurozone who want to centralise fiscal policy would soon be front and center stage in the political debate. And those opposed to such centralisation would be equally to the fore. The former would argue that since member states were no longer financing themselves, fiscal responsibilities need to be given to a higher authority. While the latter would make the case that having some eurocrat in Frankfurt or Brussels involved in micromanaging the decisions of a nation state’s taxing and spending is a ghastly prospect — they might allege that it is reminiscent of the old Soviet centralised bureaucracy; now less a Politburo than a Politeuro.

 
Those opposed to centralisation would probably end up calling for the break up of the eurozone proper — that, after all, would be the logical end point of their argument.

 
So, what on earth should we do? The dangers of having a centralised fiscal authority are obvious; but the break up of the eurozone would prove remarkably unpleasant for all those involved.

 
The central question is what the eurocrats would do once they had control over fiscal policy. If they continued on as they are — as arch-conservatives geared only toward curbing inflation, even when such inflation simply doesn’t exist — they would destroy the eurozone. Simple as. Trade imbalances and an uneven economic landscape necessitate government surpluses to be run in some countries and deficits in others. To think otherwise is to think in moral terms rather than economic terms. But if the eurocrats did continue in their highly conservative — dare I say, unrealistic — tracks, we would have constant fiscal crises on our hands and eventually member states who were not allowed to run necessarily loose fiscal policies would drop out of the union.

 
What the eurozone needs is a central authority with an extremely flexible fiscal policy. Without this the project is doomed from the outset and we may as well just start looking for the cheapest way to get out now before further costs are incurred.

 
In fact, the eurozone already has an institution that can effectively allow such a flexible fiscal policy to be pursued: the ECB. The ECB, like it’s US cousin the Federal Reserve, has control over the issuance of currency and in that capacity it can effectively pay for anything it wants — provided, of course, that which it pays for is denominated in the currency it issues (Euros, in the case of the ECB). This simple fact comes as a shock to many, but consider what former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan recently said regarding the Fed:
“The United States can pay any debt it has because we can always print money to do that,” said Greenspan in an interview with Meet the Press recently.

 
Well, the same is true for the ECB. They have the legal mandate to create as much currency as they see fit and that currency can be effectively used to pay for anything that is denominated in said currency; that includes national government debt. It follows from this that the ECB can, in fact, create any amount of money that can then be used to retire the government debt of those sovereigns now facing default and crisis. This is a much simpler solution than eurobonds because it doesn’t pose any risk to other eurozone countries. And it can also be used in order to ensure fiscal flexibility in the future and ensure that the eurozone prospers rather than collapses.

 
This proposal was originally put together by economist and government bond expert Warren Mosler. Here’s how it would work:

 
The ECB would create €1trn on an annual basis and distribute it among the eurozone nations on a per capita basis. So, Germany, since it has a larger population, would get more than, say, Ireland. Each country would then use their newly acquired funds to begin paying down their stock of public sector debt. When they reached a reasonable level of debt — say 60% debt-to-GDP — the transfers would either discontinue or could be renegotiated to allow compliant countries to spend them (provided, of course, there are no major inflationary pressures in the eurozone at the time).

 
Since the payments take place on an annual basis the ECB and other European authorities could use them as leverage over the sovereign nations to ensure that they complied with responsible deficit targets. This would be far more effective than the current system — which effectively fines member-states for non-compliance — as the penalties for non-compliance would be immediately visible and would not require time-consuming legal and administrative action.

 
This all seems so simple, so what are the objections? Why won’t the ECB do this and solve the crisis?

 
Well, economically speaking the problems are basically non-existent. We’ve learned from the Quantitative Easing (QE) programs in the US and Britain (as well as in Japan some years ago) that so-called ‘debt monetisation’ is not inflationary. Buying up government debt certainly increases the amount of bank reserves in the private sector and according to the old economics textbooks this should lead to increased lending and thus inflation. But such inflation simply has not occurred in either country (yes, there is some inflation in Britain right now but this is largely due to oil/food price increases and VAT rises — it is NOT ‘demand-pull’).

 
This revelation is both surprising and important. Recent studies by economists working within central banks show that mainstream economists have basically been getting the whole thing wrong. In reality expanding bank reserves will not increase lending and so it is not inherently inflationary. Consider this paper by economists at the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) — known among economists as ‘the central bank’s central bank — published in late 2009. The authors write:

 
“The preceding discussion casts doubt on two oft-heard propositions concerning the implications of the specialness of bank reserves. [These are] first, [that] an expansion of bank reserves endows banks with additional resources to extend loans, adding power to balance sheet policy. Second, there is something uniquely inflationary about bank reserves financing.”

 
The authors continue:

“In fact, the level of reserves hardly figures in banks’ lending decisions. The amount of credit outstanding is determined by banks’ willingness to supply loans, based on perceived risk-return trade-offs, and by the demand for those loans. The aggregate availability of bank reserves does not constrain the expansion directly.”

 
So much for the inflation argument!

 
The other argument is that such debt monetisation might lead to a devaluation of the currency in question. If there are more Euros floating around the banking system, even if they aren’t spent into circulation, their value will decrease. In actual fact there is no evidence of any direct link between exchange-rate depreciation and the creation of money.

 
This doesn’t mean that depreciation may not occur due to monetisation but it does mean that we have to consider other variables. For example: what are the trade-off effects? If no action is taken and the eurozone crisis continues to spiral out of control will the currency depreciate anyway? You can bet your socks on that! So, exchange-rate issues are far more complex than simply ‘more money = devalued currency’.

 
In fact, the objections to this sort of plan are typically moral rather than economic in nature. Many commentators have begun to realise that a great deal of the discourse that has cropped up around the eurocrisis is not actually economic at all — it is moral. This is phenomenon about which economic commentators can say little, although it is a very real problem. However, if such moralising leads the eurocrats and the politicians to fiddle while Rome burns we may very well see the ECB creating bank reserves to backstop the banks anyway if a default occurs. Such will be messy. And we have seen it can be avoided. But what can one do? If nothing else necessity is certainly the mother of invention.

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CH News – 09.13.11

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Ok news so far for August, some slowing but no sign of a hard landing yet!

On Tue, Sep 13, 2011 at 8:03 AM, Evelyn Richards wrote:
 

HIGHLIGHTS
-China’s retail sales up 17% in Aug
-China’s fixed asset investment up 25% in Jan-Aug
-Yuan Forwards Decline Most in a Month on Greece Debt Concern
-China Aims to Play Role in Stabilizing Europe, Researcher Says
-China August Fiscal Revenue Rises 34.3% on Year, Ministry Says
-China Called on as Emergency Lender as Italy Faces Crisis
-China unlikely to loosen monetary policy
 

China’s retail sales up 17% in Aug
Sep. 13, 2011 (China Knowledge) – China’s retail sales reached RMB 1.47 trillion
in August this year, up 17% year-on-year, said the National Bureau of
Statistics.

Total retail sales in urban areas rose 17.1% year-on-year to RMB 1.28 trillion
last month, while retail sales in rural areas rose 16.4% to RMB 192.2 billion in
the same period.

Retail sales in the catering industry also grew and increased to 16.7%
year-on-year to RMB 171.7 billion in August, while retail sales of consumer
goods rose 17% to RMB 1.3 trillion.

Last month, the retails sales of automobiles continued to top the country’s
retails sales list, reaching RMB 174.6 billion, up 12.4% year-on-year, while
retail sales of oil and related products came in second, hitting RMB 126.7
billion, with a growth of 38.4%.

In the first eight months of this year, the country’s retail sales totaled RMB
11.49 trillion, 16.9% more than in the corresponding period of last year.
Retails sales of automobiles grew 14.9% to RMB 1.29 trillion during the period,
and retail sales of oil and related products amounted to RMB 928.2 billion,
39.5%.
 

China’s fixed asset investment up 25% in Jan-Aug
Sep. 13, 2011 (China Knowledge) – China’s total fixed asset investment surged
25% year on year to RMB 18.06 trillion in the first eight months of this year,
according to statistics released by the National Bureau of Statistics.

The growth rate was 0.4 percentage points lower than that in the first seven
months.

Last month, the country’s fixed asset investment climbed 1.16% from July.

Fixed asset investment in primary industry saw a 23% increase, hitting RMB 417.6
billion, while investment in secondary and investment in tertiary industry grew
27% and 23.6% year on year to RMB 7.92 trillion and RMB 9.73 trillion,
respectively, according to the latest statistics.

The country’s investment in the industrial sector jumped 26.6% year-on-year to
RMB 7.71 trillion, including RMB 638.9 billion in the mining sector and RMB 6.24
trillion in the manufacturing, up 15.9% and 32.2% year on year, respectively.
The power, gas and water producing and supplying industry saw its fixed-asset
investment climb 1.9% year on year to RMB 833.5 billion in the first eight
months.

In the first eight months, investment in real estate development surged up 33.2%
year on year to RMB 3.78 trillion.

Meanwhile, fixed asset investment in China’s eastern, central and western areas
booked notable year-on year increases of 22.6%, 30.1% and 29.4%, respectively.
 

Yuan Forwards Decline Most in a Month on Greece Debt Concern
Sept. 13 (Bloomberg) — China’s yuan forwards dropped the
most in a month amid speculation Greece is nearing default,
which may prompt policy makers to slow the currency’s
appreciation.
The People’s Bank of China set the daily reference rate
0.09 percent lower today, the most in almost four weeks, as
Asian currencies weakened. The chance of a default by Greece in
the next five years has soared to 98 percent as Prime Minister
George Papandreou fails to reassure investors that his country
can survive the euro-region crisis, credit-default swaps showed.
“What you may see actually is a weaker pace of
appreciation,” said Leong Sook Mei, regional head of global
currency research at Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. in
Singapore. “There was lots of risk aversion with regards to the
Greece issue. The overall trend of appreciation won’t stop as
yet until we see decisive signs of Chinese growth coming off and
inflation easing.”
Twelve-month non-deliverable forwards slid 0.33 percent to
6.3305 per dollar as of 4:58 p.m. in Hong Kong, according to
data compiled by Bloomberg. The premium to the onshore spot rate
was 1.1 percent, compared with 1.2 percent yesterday.
The yuan dropped 0.17 percent to 6.3991 per dollar in
Shanghai, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trade System.
In Hong Kong’s offshore market, the yuan declined 0.02 percent
to 6.3855.
A central bank statement yesterday that inflation is still
too high is “hawkish,” Tim Condon, head of Asia research at
ING Groep NV, said in an e-mailed note today.
Policy makers will want to see a second consecutive month
of lower headline inflation before declaring “victory,” Condon
wrote. He reiterated the bank’s call for one more 25-basis point
increase in benchmark interest rates by the end of the year.
China’s inflation eased in August, rising 6.2 percent from
a year earlier, compared with 6.5 percent in July, which was the
fastest since June 2008.
 

China Aims to Play Role in Stabilizing Europe, Researcher Says
Sept. 13 (Bloomberg) — China is playing its role as a
responsible major world economy and is trying to help stabilize
global confidence by supporting European governments, Zhang
Yansheng, a researcher affiliated with the nation’s top economic
planning agency, said today.
Chinese policy makers are thinking in a “global context”
and about the need to prevent a “domino effect” in the debt
crisis, Zhang said in Beijing today when asked to comment on
reports that China is in talks to make investments in Italy that
may include government bonds. If Italy “falls” it may drag
down Europe, the world and China’s economy, he said.
There is a limit to what China can do to help, Zhang said.
Zhang, who is a researcher at the Institute of Foreign
Economic Research affiliated to the National Development and
Reform Commission, said he was giving his own views on the
matter.
 

China August Fiscal Revenue Rises 34.3% on Year, Ministry Says
Sept. 13 (Bloomberg) — China’s August fiscal revenue rose
34.3 percent from a year earlier to 754.6 billion yuan and
fiscal expenditure rose 25.9 percent to 807.7 billion yuan,
according to a statement on the Ministry of Finance’s website
today.
Fiscal revenue for the first eight months this year rose
30.9 percent to 7.4 trillion yuan, the statement said.
 

China Called on as Emergency Lender as Italy Faces Crisis
Sept. 13 (Bloomberg Businessweek) — China’s status as the fastest- growing major economy and holder of the largest foreign-exchange reserves lured another bailout candidate as Italy struggles to avoid a collapse in investor confidence.

Italian officials held talks in the past few weeks with Chinese counterparts about potential investments in the country, an Italian government official said yesterday, adding that bonds weren’t the focus. Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti met with Chinese officials in Rome earlier this month, his spokesman Filippo Pepe said by phone today, declining to say exactly when the talks took place or what was discussed.

Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu, asked about buying Italian assets, said Europe is one of China’s main investment destinations, without specifically mentioning Italy.

Italy joins Spain, Greece, Portugal and investment bank Morgan Stanley among distressed borrowers that turned to China since the 2007 collapse in U.S. mortgage securities set off a crisis that widened to engulf euro-region sovereign debtors. Stocks rose on the potential Chinese investment in Italy even as previous commitments failed to have a lasting impact.

“It’s a clear pattern of China’s intention to help stabilize the euro area,” said Nicholas Zhu, head of macro- commodity research for Asia at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group in Shanghai and a former World Bank economist. “The benefit to China is that it will help in the perception of host countries if China is viewed as a responsible stakeholder in the global community.”

Bond Auction
Italy today is auctioning as much as 7 billion euros ($10 billion) of bonds to help pay for 14.5 billion euros of bonds maturing on Sept. 15. The euro region’s third-largest economy sold 11.5 billion euros of bills yesterday and priced its one- year notes to yield 4.153 percent, up from 2.959 percent at the previous auction last month.

The yield on Italy’s 10-year bond rose to 5.69 percent as of 10:01 a.m. in Rome, pushing the spread with the equivalent German securities up 13 basis points to 396 basis points. The MSCI Asia Pacific index of stocks advanced 0.3 percent as of 4:50 p.m. in Tokyo after the Standard & Poor’s 500 index gained 0.7 percent overnight.

Chinese Image
For China, any purchases of European debt may allow the world’s largest exporter to be seen as helpful as it rebuffs calls to allow its exchange rate to appreciate at a faster pace. The world’s second largest economy has amassed record currency reserves of $3.2 trillion by selling yuan to limit gains.

Chinese policy makers are thinking in a “global context” and about the need to prevent a “domino effect” in the European debt crisis, Zhang Yansheng, a researcher affiliated with the nation’s top economic planning agency, said today.

China’s central bank referred questions to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, which didn’t respond to a request for comment. China Investment Corp., the nation’s sovereign-wealth fund, also didn’t respond.

Italy’s bond-yields rose to a euro-era record last month as the region’s sovereign debt crisis spread from Greece, the first to receive a European Union-led bailout. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi’s government rushed a 54 billion-euro austerity package to convince the European Central Bank to buy its debt.

Redemptions
Even so, the size of Italy’s debt — at 1.9 trillion euros more than Spain, Greece, Ireland and Portugal combined — leaves it vulnerable to any rise in borrowing costs as it refinances maturing securities. The country still needs to sell about 70 billion euros of debt this year to cover its deficit and finance redemptions.

“We have heard this story before with regard to the likes of Spanish and Portuguese bonds, and in the end it was ECB buying and EU bailouts that seemed to have taken place rather than anything with a Chinese influence,” Gary Jenkins, a strategist at Evolution Securities in London, wrote in a research note.

Any Chinese purchases of euro-region debt to date haven’t produced a lasting cut in yield premiums for Greece, Portugal or Spain.

The extra yield investors demand to buy Greek 10-year debt over German bunds is about 23 percentage points, up from 14 percentage points three months ago. The equivalent spread for Portugal over Germany is 9.5 percentage points, up from 7.7 points over that period. Spain’s gap rose to 3.6 points from 2.5 points.

Too Big
“The issue with Europe is bigger than China alone can help with,” said Ju Wang, a fixed-income strategist at Barclays Capital in Singapore, adding that Italy’s debt load alone is a sum exceeding half the Chinese foreign-exchange reserves. “China probably will continue to help to shore up the euro, but its involvement in direct purchases of troubled Europe debt is unlikely to be too aggressive.”

If Italy “falls” it may drag down Europe, the world and China’s economy, said Zhang, a researcher at the Institute of Foreign Economic Research affiliated to the National Development and Reform Commission.

Japanese Finance Minister Jun Azumi said today that European policy makers should decide themselves whether they need fiscal assistance from Japan. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner will travel to Poland on Sept. 16 to participate in a meeting of European government finance officials trying to contain the region’s debt crisis.

‘Helping Hand’
Premier Wen Jiabao said in June that China can offer “a helping hand” to Europe by buying a limited volume of sovereign bonds. The Asian nation pledged that month to buy Hungarian government bonds and agreed to extend a 1 billion euro loan for the financing of development projects in the European country that needed an International Monetary Fund-led bailout in 2008.

Spain’s prime minister secured a Chinese pledge to invest in his nation’s faltering savings banks and in government debt on an April visit to Beijing.

In October, Wen said China will buy Greek bonds to support Greece’s shipping industry, while Chinese state-run banks agreed to $267.8 million in loans to three Greek shippers. President Hu Jintao visited Portugal in November and said China is “available to support, through concrete measures, Portuguese efforts to face the impacts caused by the international financial crisis.”

Diversification
Any Chinese purchases of euro-denominated debt may help it diversify its reserves away from dollars. The biggest foreign owner of U.S. government debt has doubled its holdings of Treasuries in the three years through June to about $1.17 trillion.

China is playing a “white knight” role in assisting Europe and buying itself goodwill that will enable it to purchase more sensitive European assets such as technology companies, according to Stamford, Connecticut-based Faros Trading in a June report. The European Union still has an arms embargo on China, imposed after the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989.

Some of China’s investments have returned losses. China Investment Corp. paid $3 billion for a 9.4 percent stake in private equity firm Blackstone in 2007 at a 4.5 percent discount to its initial public offering price of $31. The stock traded at $12.31 yesterday, which translates to a loss of more than $1.7 billion loss for China, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

CIC, as the wealth fund is known, widened its investment horizon to 10 years from five years, the company said in July.

“They are trying to be helpful by diversifying a little within the euro zone community,” Michael Spence, a Nobel laureate in economics, said while attending a conference in Beijing today. “With relatively high yields, if there is a credible plan in Italy — Italy has very low private debt, its public debt is relatively stable if they adopt sensible policies — so could be quite a good investment as well.”
 

China unlikely to loosen monetary policy
Sept 13 (The Australian) – CHINA’s central bank says stabilising prices remains its priority, reinforcing signs that Beijing is unlikely to loosen the reins on the world’s No. 2 economy any time soon despite mounting global uncertainties.

In a statement last night, the People’s Bank of China also gave fresh acknowledgment that its traditional measuring tools have failed to keep up with recent changes in the Chinese financial system. The bank said it is considering issuing an adjusted version of its benchmark measure of the supply of money in the economy to help plug the resulting gaps.

The PBOC’s statement came after economic data over the previous three days showing growth and inflation both easing somewhat, but remaining strong.

The data reinforced a growing consensus among economists that Beijing has likely pressed pause on any big monetary policy moves — after a series of rate increases over the last year — as it balances concerns about the weakness in advanced economies like Europe and the US against ongoing wariness over consumer prices at home.

“There is some control over the causes of rising prices, but they haven’t been eliminated,” the PBOC said last night. “Inflation remains high and stabilising prices remains the top macro-control policy.” The bank said China needs to continue its “prudent” monetary policy and maintain steady and appropriate credit growth.

Data issued by the PBOC on Sunday showed that money-supply growth slowed further last month, which the central bank said was in line with its “prudent” monetary policy. China’s broadest measure of money supply, M2, was up 13.5 per cent at the end of August from a year earlier, slower than the 14.7 per cent rise at the end of July, and below economists’ expectations of 14.5 per cent.

But the PBOC’s statement last night also said it is researching the addition of an “M2-Plus” measure of money supply, because the current M2 measure — which gauges bank deposits and cash in circulation — doesn’t capture funds in wealth management products, which have expanded dramatically this year. That means the M2 readings have understated the total growth in money, which is a factor in inflation.

“The official M2 growth number has become a little less reliable than it once was,” said Standard Chartered economists Li Wei and Stephen Green in a research note last week.

The PBOC noted that growth in lending hasn’t been slow so far this year, pointing out that bank lending in August was up about 10 billion yuan ($1.5bn) from the same month last year, when monetary policy was still loose.

“Overall liquidity conditions are appropriate and banks’ provision levels are normal,” the PBOC said. China’s financial institutions issued 548.5bn yuan of new yuan loans in August, up from 493bn yuan in July and above economists’ expectations of 500bn yuan.

China’s consumer price index rose 6.2 per cent in August from a year earlier, slowing from July’s 6.5 per cent increase, which was the fastest rise in more than three years.

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Mosler bonds get their first plug in the Irish media

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JOBS CRISIS: Will NewERA really get Ireland back to work?

By Philip Pilkington

Sept 12 (Independent) — Last week President Obama announced a new $450bn stimulus program to promote US job growth and help kickstart the economy. Stirrings from within financial community and commentary from Nobel Laurete Paul Krugman – the two most reliable sources on such matters– indicate that this measure isn’t nearly big enough, but its certainly a step in the right direction.

Meanwhile in Ireland, Minister for State Fergus O’ Dowd announced… well, he announced an announcement. In an interview on Thursday he said that an announcement on the status of the NewERA project – which aims to directly create jobs in Ireland – is ‘imminent’.

So how does the cleverly named NewERA (standing for Economic Recovery Act) add up as a stimulus programme?

The project was originally supposed to be of the order of around €4bn but this figure has recently come under scrutiny from the press who say that senior government ministers indicate that it might be ‘watered down’ due to internal government as well as EU/IMF pressure. Even if the €4bn figure pulls through that’s still only around 2.5% of GDP. That’s less than Obama’s latest offering which, as stated above, is probably insufficient for the US – let alone Ireland, which is in far worse shape.

NewERA is set to be funded through two mechanisms. The first is by raising money by selling off state assets. While all the money from ‘privatisation’ was supposed to go toward paying down government debt, wily negotiators convinced the IMF to slip them a bit on the side to go toward this new investment project.

The second revenue stream is borrowed money from the National Pension Reserve Fund – a fund that has become something of a government piggy-bank since the financial crisis hit in 2008.

The key thing to note is that the NewERA project is that it is not a stimulus package in the typical sense of the term. Stimulus packages are usually implemented by governments using fiscal policy — that is, the government’s ability to create and spend money into the economy. In recessions such stimulus is undertaken by governments running budget deficits.

This means that the government spends money without immediately levying taxes on anyone. This is important as it adds new money into the economy rather than simply taking money out and then recycling it back in. We will return to this very important point in a moment, for now let us take a look at the project itself.

The focus of the project is on infrastructure. To say that such a focus on infrastructure is welcome would be a vast understatement.One of the targets is water infrastructure which, to anyone who has had their water cut off during the cold Irish winter, is of obvious importance.

Another is energy – with a focus on clean, renewable energy – which, given the rising energy prices, will be welcomed by everyone. And finally we have a project to improve broadband access across the country — an extremely important prerequisite to having businesses invest in any given location these days.

Such a focus on infrastructure will also ensure that many of the jobs go to laid-off construction workers. This is the perfect demographic to target as when the housing mania went down the drain so too did many construction jobs, giving rise to high unemployment levels among this group.

Another important aspect to the project is that it will get the debate going on fiscal stimulus. It will also ensure that there is an active government organisation in place to lobby for and help initiate stimulus plans in the future.

This really is one of the most important aspects of the project because, small as it currently is, when the world economy starts getting back on track and international leaders start getting their acts together, we will all (hopefully) have learned our lessons from the last financial crisis and will not rely on asset price bubbles to stimulate — or should I say simulate — economic growth.

This means that governments will have to play an increasingly large role in economies in order to ensure sufficient demand without sending households on any more debt binges. Governments will likely not just have to intervene in terms of regulating banking institutions but also through direct investment to ensure that economic growth continues at a reasonable level without demanding massive private sector indebtedness.

The Japanese, for example, who have been suffering for years after a massive housing and stock bubble burst in 1991, have learned this lesson well. The NewERA project will ensure that there is a precedent for powerful, streamlined government-led investment projects that help-out rather than crowd-out private sector activity. Such projects will be key to stabalising all developed economies in coming decades.

The only issue that can really be taken with the NewERA project is how it’s being funded. Selling off state assets during a slump is never a good idea — “No one would sell assets in this environment,” mumbled one minister in a Dail debate on NewERA this year. And dipping into the National Pension Reserve Fund is a bad habit.

However, the government have little choice and, although this will only provide a very short-term stimulus, it is probably one of the single best economic policies to come out of the current Fine Gael/Labour government so far.

But the obstacles currently faced on spending for the NewERA project will become increasingly apparent as time wears on. When we entered the Euro we gave up our ability to issue currency and with it our ability to spend without revenue constraints – now, as in the case of the NewERA project, we essentially have to make do with what we have.

This will become more and more of a burden in the future as the Irish government gradually learn from the Japanese and come to realise that the only realistic way for households to pay down debt is for the government to increase its spending.

If the Europeans continue to ignore this simple but powerful truth and keep calling for austerity, the Irish will have to do something about this themselves. There are a few options on the table in this regard without dropping out of the eurozone. One is the issuance of ‘Mosler bonds’.

These are government bonds backed with the guarantee that should the government default, the bonds will be accepted to extinguish tax liabilities. There is good reason to believe that these would give the Irish government significant fiscal policy space by driving down yields on bonds as they became a ‘sure thing’ for investors (such a plan would also prevent default).

Other options– such as running a parallel currency – will be discussed by major international figures, including former member of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Commitee and leading London School of Economics economist Charles Goodhart, at a conference taking place on the 22nd and 23rd of this month at the Mont Clare Hotel in Dublin.

And a good thing too, as even though all the talk is currently focused elsewhere, this will soon become a pressing national policy concern that people will simply not be able to ignore.

More information on the conference can be found at: http://www.feasta.org/debt-conference or contact info@feasta.org..

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Strains rise in short-term eurozone lending

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I’ve also heard that borrowers of euro are actually getting cut off which is the stuff of a hard landing scenario.

Strains rise in short-term eurozone lending

By David Oakley

September 8 (FT) — Strains in the eurozone short-term lending markets have jumped sharply this week amid worries that the sovereign debt crisis will deepen, threatening the ability of banks to fund themselves.

The main gauge of tension in the funding markets has risen to levels last seen in April 2009 – and has leapt threefold since July – as banks hoard cash and refuse to lend to each other amid worries loans will not be repaid in a deteriorating financial climate.

Strategists say the eurozone’s financial system would be close to breakdown without emergency loans from the European Central Bank, which they warn cannot last forever.

Nick Matthews, senior European economist at RBS, said: “We are at a key moment in the eurozone debt crisis. There are tensions in the financial system with still many banks having difficulties accessing the private markets for loans. These banks have to rely on the ECB as a backstop. But this is not a long-term sustainable solution.”

Don Smith, economist at Icap, the broker, said: “We have seen a step-change in worries about the banking system because of the sovereign crisis in recent weeks and days. Banks are refusing to lend to each other because of worries over counterparty risk.”

The extra premium eurozone banks have to pay to borrow over three months compared with risk-free overnight rates – considered a pure measure of credit risk – rose to 78 basis points on Tuesday. This spread between Eonia overnight rates and Euribor three-month rates fell back to 74bp on Thursday, but is still 10bp higher than the middle of last week.

In comparison, from January to June, the spread averaged around 20 to 25bp.

Another sign of strain in the eurozone markets is the sharp rise in the amount of money banks are depositing at the ECB. This rose to €169bn on Tuesday, the highest level since August 2010. It remained at elevated levels of €166bn on Wednesday. That compares with €4.98bn on June 15.

Before the financial crisis the amount of money deposited at the ECB was close to zero as banks freely lent money to other banks rather than opting for the safety of parking the cash at the central bank.

Italian banks, in particular, have struggled to access the markets in recent weeks as fears over the country’s sluggish economy and concerns over the government’s commitment to fiscal reforms have worried investors.

Consequently, Italian banks have been forced to borrow more from the ECB. The amount of money Italian banks borrowed from the ECB jumped to €85bn in August, twice the amount of June, which stood at €41bn.

The total amount of loans the ECB has lent to eurozone banks stands at €438bn, with the peripheral nations of Greece, Ireland and Portugal, which have been shut out of the private markets since the start of the year, heavily reliant on central bank funds. Greek banks, for example, have €103bn in outstanding loans from the ECB, double the amount they borrowed at the end of 2010.

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Cameron Says Nothing Is Taboo as U.K. Tries to Boost Economy

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How about suspending VAT?

Cameron Says Nothing Is Taboo as U.K. Tries to Boost Economy

By Eddie Buckle

Sep 4 (Bloomberg) — Prime Minister David Cameron said “nothing should be taboo” as the government considers extra measures this fall to boost Britain’s flagging economic growth.

“We haven’t gone far enough,” Cameron wrote in an article for today’s Mail on Sunday newspaper. “My order to Whitehall this autumn is to think even more boldly about what we can do to put the turbo-boosters on Britain’s economy.”

The government will if necessary tackle lobby groups “that are defending every last bit of the regulation that crushes business,” Cameron wrote. “And yes, if it means putting even more pressure on the banks so they lend more to small businesses, then we’ll do that too.”

U.K. economic growth slowed to 0.2 percent in the second quarter and the Bank of England cut its growth projections last month to about 1.5 percent this year and 2.2 percent in 2012. Banks have warned that implementation of any proposals to be made next week by the government-appointed Independent Commission on Banking to strengthen lenders’ financial positions should be postponed because of the faltering recovery.

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Jackson Hole- comments tomorrow’s speech by Fed Chairman Bernanke

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First, I see no public purpose in burning any crude oil to fly the Chairman and his entourage to make any speech.

He could just as easily deliver this one from the steps of the Fed in DC.
Congress should demand a statement of public purpose before endorsing any travel by its agents.

Next is what I expect from the speech.
The short answer is not much.

I don’t see more QE as the purpose of QE is to bring long rates down, and they are already down substantially. And the Fed now has sufficient evidence to confirm that long rates are mainly a function of expectations of future FOMC votes on rate settings.

To that point, when the Fed announced QE, and market participants believed it would spur growth, and therefore FOMC rate hikes somewhere down the road, long rates worked their way higher. And when the Fed ended QE, and market participants believed the economy would be slower to recover, long rates worked their way lower. Not to mention China hates QE and it still looks to me there’s an understanding in place where China allocates reserves to $US as long as the Fed doesn’t do any QE.

The Fed could cut it’s target Fed funds rate, the cost of funds for the banking system, down to 0 and lower that cost of funds by a few basis points. But those few basis points can hardly be expected to have much effect on anything.

It’s not the Fed has run out of bullets, it’s that the Fed has never had any bullets of any consequence.
And with the few it’s fired, it hasn’t realized the odds are the gun has been pointed backwards.
For example, it still looks to me lower rates, if anything, reduce aggregate demand via the interest income channels.

And QE isn’t much other than a tax on the economy, that also removes interest income.

So look for a forecast of modest GDP growth with downside risks, core inflation remaining reasonably firm even as unemployment remains far too high, all of which support continued Fed ‘accommodation’ at current levels.

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BERKSHIRE WARRANTS FOR 700M SHRS EXERCISE PRICE $7.142857/SHR

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Once again, management is quick to sell the shareholders down the river with a fat coupon, low strike, dilutive preferred.

This is one of the inherent risks of being a common shareholder under current law.

It keeps stocks cheaper than otherwise, which makes them more attractive as takeover candidates, as
when you own the whole thing you don’t have this risk.

BUS 08/25 13:10 Berkshire Hathaway to Invest $5 Billion in Bank of America
BN 08/25 13:12 *BERKSHIRE WARRANTS FOR 700M SHRS EXERCISE PRICE $7.142857/SHR
BN 08/25 13:10 *BOFA TO SELL 50,000 SHRS PFD, LIQUIDATION VALUE $100K/SHR
BN 08/25 13:10 *BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY TO GET WARRANTS TO BUY 700M SHRS :BAC US
BN 08/25 13:10 *BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY TO INVEST $5B IN BANK OF AMERICA :BAC US
BN 08/25 13:10 *BOFA TO SELL 50,000 SHRS PFD :BAC US
BN 08/25 13:10 *BOFA TO SELL 50,000 SHRS :BAC US
BN 08/25 13:10 *BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY TO INVEST $5B IN BANK OF AMERICA

Berkshire Hathaway to Invest $5 Billion in Bank of America

By JoAnne Norton

August 25 (Bloomberg) — Berkshire Hathaway Inc. agreed to
buy 50,000 preferred shares of Bank of America Corp. for $5
billion, the bank said today in a statement.

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