Category Archives: China

China bank halts roll-over of some loans

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Lending expansion often follows inflation, as higher asset prices and higher incomes support larger loan balances.

Cutting lending as this article implies can set off downward spirals and rising unemployment if domestic demand isn’t somehow supported by
enhancing consumer incomes.

3-Top China bank ICBC halts roll-over of some loans

ICBC says lending pace has slowed at end of January

* Latest signal of tightening that may rein in growth

* Official newspaper says some banks have recalled loans

* Chinese regulator renews demand for even pace of lending


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Goldman Sachs trying to broker Greek bonds to China

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I went to high school with Chris Powell where he was a good friend of mine, then lost touch.
We’ve had a few emails discussing GATA. Seems their beef is that the Fed is conspiring to keep the price of gold down, which wrongly hurts the GATA supporters.
Didn’t make a lot of sense to me, but whatever.

Regarding China and the euro-

Note China already owns some Greek bonds, highlighted below?

I was discussing this a while back when China was ‘diversifying reserves’ in that one of the problems with the buying the euro is you have to take national govt credit risk, as there is nothing equivalent to the ‘federal’ securities of the other nations of the world with non convertible currencies where the issuer of the currency is your counter party.

Also, when the likes of China stops buying, say, the $US or the yen, it’s not a credit event for the US like it is when they stop buying the euro, where the national govt’s solvency is a function of their ability to sell their securities.

So the lack of euro buying by sovereigns who were willing to take national govt credit risk puts the entire eurozone at risk of a liquidity crisis beginning with its ‘weakest link.’ Hence the Greek ‘road trips’ to China, which do make sense, in contrast to the Obama/Clinton/Geithner road trips to China which reinforce the notion that they don’t understand the monetary system.

I’ve also passed along the idea that if Greek bonds were to have default provisions that allowed them to be used to pay Greek taxes in the event of default it should lower their interest rates. Don’t know if that got anywhere- no way for me to check.

Goldman Sachs trying to broker Greek bonds to China

Athens Invites Beijing to Buy Bonds

By Kerin Hope and Jamil Anderlini

Link

Greece is wooing China to buy up to E25 billion of government bonds, a move that underlines Beijing’s growing financial power, as Athens struggles to fund soaring public debt.

Goldman Sachs, the US investment bank, has been promoting a Greek bond sale to Beijing and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), which manages China’s $2,400 billion foreign exchange reserves, said people familiar with the issue.

Gary Cohn, Goldman Sachs chief operating officer, has made two trips to Athens — last November and this month — to meet George Papandreou, prime minister, and senior officials.

Beijing has not agreed to such a purchase. Meanwhile, Athens has rejected a suggestion that a Chinese bank should acquire a strategic stake in National Bank of Greece, the country’s flagship commercial lender, according to officials contacted by the Financial Times.

But a more modest deal of about E5 billion-E10 billion ($7 billion-$14 billion) appeared possible after Mr Cohn’s second trip to Athens, officials said on Tuesday.

George Papaconstantinou, finance minister, told the FT he would visit China on a road show next month, but “no target is set” for a debt placement.

China’s foreign exchange reserves grew $130 billion in the last quarter of 2009 alone. But people close to Safe said China already held a “significant amount” of Greek debt and was wary of adding to that.

A senior Greek finance ministry official said Athens would welcome Chinese buyers of its bonds. The official declined to specify an amount, though a figure of E20 billion-E25 billion was raised in talks with Goldman Sachs.

A E5 billion syndicated loan issue by Greece this week attracted bids worth more than E20 billion, but Greece continues to face pressure in financial markets.

Goldman Sachs mooted the sale of equity in NBG to Bank of China, the country’s third-largest commercial lender by assets, and made a similar proposal to China Investment Corp., China’s sovereign wealth fund, according to officials.

Chinese officials said CIC was not interested and that regulators would not let BoC make such a risky investment. Goldman Sachs and CIC declined to comment. A Bank of China spokesman said: “I haven’t heard anything about it.”


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A comment on Auerback’s recent post

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I am undeniably disappointed in Obama, though I recognize that he has had some very difficult stuff to deal with.

At the time I voted for him, I was a deficit hawk and pretty neo-liberal in outlook. Initially I was even highly skeptical of the stimulus! After Obama was elected, I realized that as an ordinary citizen, I did not understand economics at all. So I have been trying to actually learn about it, and read Keynes, Friedman (for balance, I guess), and Minsky, along with every economics blog I could find (left, right, and center). The result (so far) is that I end up going through an “everything you know is wrong” revelation with MMT. The tipping point for me was Warren Mosler asking where the points come from on a scoreboard and saying that when you pay taxes, the government destroys your money, because it does not need it to spend, via your “Should America Kowtow to China?” post. Then it just hit me like a ton of bricks – everything you know about macroeconomics is wrong. It’s hard to sufficiently emphasize how hard I was suddenly hit by it. So at least from my perspective, much of the disappointment arises from me actually changing my opinions, less from disappointment in him.

Another, larger, better targeted fiscal stimulus is needed. But with his current economic advisers, not to mention the political mood, there is no way that will actually happen. People don’t understand why it is needed because people do not understand the macro-economy. People are scared by the banal gold-standard conventional wisdom that “our children will have to re-pay the national debt,” and that “the government is going to go bankrupt.” As long as (normal but reasonably educated) people think that way, it would be suicide for any politician to actually do what is needed to fix the economy, even if that politician actually understood why it was necessary, which of course none of them do.

Well, at least Obama’s better than McCain. We would probably have lunacy like a spending freeze with him in charge.


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China

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Looks like the kids who came how with western degrees may have gotten their way.
That’s the last thing the world needs right now.

Liu Mingkang, head of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), said in an interview Jan. 20 that several Chinese banks had been asked to restrain their lending after proving to have inadequate capital reserves. Chinese media reports claimed that new bank loans so far in January have risen to as high as 1 and 1.5 trillion yuan ($146-$220 billion) — approaching or equaling the massive hike in January 2009. As a result, several major Chinese commercial banks (whose names were not given) were given oral commands to stop new lending for the rest of the month.

The problem for China is that the entire economy depends on extremely loose lending policies, and when credit slows, companies in the critical manufacturing and trade sectors get squeezed. A great many Chinese companies rely on external consumers for their profits, but while exports showed growth for the first time in December, they face the usually slow months of January and February; only when spring comes around will it really be clear whether global demand has recovered sufficiently to support China’s exporters. Thus, exports are no refuge yet, and since Beijing has no intention of knocking the legs out of growth, it will continue shoving credit into the system.


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Mosler on Reuters

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Round two. Constructive comments as well!

Mosler: The wrong standard

Reader Note: This is the second entry from Warren Mosler in a debate with Jim Rickards about how to fix the economy. More on the authors here. This is a response to Rickards first piece. Mosler’s first piece is here.

by Warren Mosler

Jim’s recommendations are “sound money, lower taxes, and light regulation.”

We do agree on lower taxes. My proposals include a full payroll tax holiday to support demand. And while Jim suggests a return to Glass-Steagall, my banking proposals are even more narrow and dramatically reduce the need for regulation. I also support price stability.

We also agree that the Monetarist concept of “velocity” is flawed, but our reasons differ. Jim’s derive from the long-dead gold standard where velocity is a calculation of how many times the given amount of money (gold) is used to buy and sell goods and services. Today, however, monetary expansion has nothing to do with money supply like it used to under the gold standard. The reason banks aren’t lending isn’t because they don’t have money to lend. Lending is constrained only by bank capital and the creditworthiness of willing borrowers, not by gold or any other concept of bank reserves. That’s why quantitative easing – i.e. the Fed printing money to buy securities – has no effect on bank lending.

Interest rate cuts transfer income from savers to banks, reducing overall spending. So while interest on savings dropped from over 5% to near 0%, borrower’s rates fell little if any. The wide yield spread means banks’ profit margins widened.

New Keynesian thought is also flawed, because it too presumes gold standard constraints. Today government never actually has nor doesn’t have dollars, and spends, taxes, and borrows simply by changing numbers in bank accounts at the Fed.

When it comes to the dollar, the US government is the scorekeeper. Unlike the gold standard days, the government can’t run out of money. Nor is it dependent on China to fund spending.

Under the old gold standard, taxes and borrowing did fund spending. Today taxes function only to regulate aggregate demand and to control prices. The federal deficit is merely the difference between the numbers changed upward when the government spends, and the numbers changed downward when it taxes. Taxes therefore function to regulate aggregate demand, not to raise revenue, per se. Tax cuts increase our spending power, tax hikes lower it. This is indisputable operational fact, not theory or philosophy.

Jim’s general warning is that too much spending or monetary stimulus might lead us to cross a “critical threshold where diverse actors reject dollars in a cascading collapse.” But this only applies to fixed exchange rate regimes such as the gold standard, where a weak currency results in gold outflows.

Today the dollar is a non-convertible currency. The exchange rate continually adjusts, always representing indifference levels with no gain or loss of gold reserves. I would note too that the U.S. is actively seeking to weaken the dollar vis-à-vis the Chinese yuan. Would Jim want the reverse?

Jim’s arguments are as good as gold. However, we are not on a gold standard, so they don’t apply. Today’s monetary arrangements call for my solutions to restore output, employment, and price stability.


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China inflation

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At some point the FDI isn’t enough to hold up the currency and it depreciates as costs of production for exports rise.

Time to cage inflation tiger, say experts

China Regulator Pledges to Control Illegal Inflows

China Property Sales Rise 75.5% to 4.4 Trillion Yuan

China Reserve Ratio Increase Not a Tightening Sign, Xinhua Says

Time to cage inflation tiger, say experts

By Wang Xiaotian and Xin Zhiming

Jan. 19 (China Daily) — Economy chugs along at good pace, but some red lights ahead

Even as China is set to achieve its targeted goal of 8 percent growth in gross domestic product (GDP) for 2009, economists have stressed that tackling high inflation should be the top priority for policymakers this year.

Inflation is likely to accelerate to more than 5 percent before the middle of this year and reach 8 percent in the second half, Erwin Sanft, head of mainland and Hong Kong equities research at BNP Paribas, was quoted by Bloomberg as saying yesterday.

China’s GDP will surpass the 8 percent year-on-year growth in 2009 and continue to surge in 2010, Yao Jingyuan, chief economist of National Bureau of Statistics, said on Sunday. That confirms the consensus forecast by economists, although none of them are willing to estimate the actual growth figures.

The statistics bureau is scheduled to release the economic data for 2009 on Thursday, but the growth trend has become entrenched since the third quarter of 2009, when GDP expanded by an impressive 8.9 percent year-on-year.

“There are no doubts about robust economic growth this year,” said Zhou Qiren, an economics professor at Peking University. Consumption and exports will continue to strengthen as the global economy gets back to near-normal growth, he said.

The country initiated a massive $586 billion stimulus package in late 2008 and launched a series of industry-friendly policies along with a loose monetary policy to pump prime the economy during the global financial crisis.

The strong surge in new bank lending, however, may have sowed seeds for inflation and other problems, such as asset bubbles. China’s new bank lending in 2009 nearly doubled to 9.59 trillion yuan ($1.40 trillion) over the previous year.

BNP Paribas said China’s inflation rate could touch 8 percent this year. That forecast exceeds most other estimates. Most Chinese economists feel that China would be able to rein in inflation to below 4 percent on average this year.

Li Yining, a senior economist at Peking University, said if inflation soars above 4 percent, the authorities would have to impose tighter measures to stem the growth. “It should be the warning line,” he said.

China’s central bank last week unexpectedly raised the proportion of deposits that commercial lenders must set aside as the country’s credit boom threatens to worsen inflation, which rose by 0.6 percent in November, the first year-on-year growth since last January.

The consumer price index (CPI), the main gauge of inflation, may rise 1.4 percent in December, according to economists surveyed by Bloomberg, intensifying worries that high inflation is coming back as the economy picks up.

Apart from raising banks’ reserve requirement ratio, the People’s Bank of China, the central bank, raised the three-month central bank bill issuing rate for the first time since August 2009 on Jan 7. Analysts see this as a prelude to a series of tightening monetary policies, including interest rate hikes.

“The central bank is likely to increase interest rates twice by 27 basis points this year after April,” said Dong Xian’an, chief macroeconomics analyst with Industrial Securities.

“Gone are the days when we can have economies with high growth rates and inflation as low as 2-3 percent,” he said. top


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CHINA RAISES BANKS’ RESERVE REQUIREMENT RATIO 50bps

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Seems everyone has this wrong? All reserve requirements do is raise the cost of funds for the banks, not the quantity of funds they can loan.

Stephen Green’s thoughts on China:

CHINA RAISES BANKS’ RESERVE REQUIREMENT RATIO 50bps: This is a significant move. Rrr hikes require state council to sign off so this signals that sc is on board with mild tightening earlier than most (incl us) had factored in. This move now is significant too as its a first shot across the banks bows in a very aggresive loan month, esp as excess reserves in the system are are at relatively low levels (around 2pc we believe). Banks need 1-2pc for settlement needs so that means this move will bite. Pboc also probably calculated that they had to move now before we get into second half jan, early feb, before the chinese new year, when pboc has to inject liquidity (since firms and households withdarw cash for presents etc). Markets will be in a bit of shock with this move. The next move is another rrr hike in march as they withdraw post hoiliday liqudity and then we believe 2 rates hikes.

Tina Zhang


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China Guides Bill Yields Higher

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I would expect the higher rates to support aggregate demand through the interest earned channels in the nations that hike rates.

Also, much of China’s lending by state owned/sponsored banks may be thinly disguised fiscal transfers that support demand. Cutting back by raising lending standards would then reduce demand. They apparently have a lot of excess capacity. The question is whether they increase demand to use it up, or slow down investment.

China Guides Bill Yields Higher, Seeking to Curb Record Lending

By Bloomberg News

Jan. 7 (Bloomberg) — China’s central bank sold three-month bills at a higher interest rate for the first time in 19 weeks after saying its focus for 2010 is controlling the record expansion in lending and curbing price increases.

Stocks fell across Asia and oil declined on concern growth will slow in China, the engine of the world economy’s recovery from its worst recession since World War II. The People’s Bank of China offered 60 billion yuan ($8.8 billion) of bills at a yield of 1.3684 percent, four basis points higher than at last week’s sale, according to a statement.

“It’s definitely a signal that the central bank is tightening liquidity,” said Jiang Chao, a fixed-income analyst in Shanghai at Guotai Junan Securities Co., the nation’s largest brokerage by revenue. “The rising yield is used to prevent excessive growth in bank lending.”

Premier Wen Jiabao said on Dec. 27 that last year’s doubling in new loans had caused property prices to rise “too quickly,” while surging commodity costs were increasing inflationary pressure. Guiding market rates higher may be a prelude to raising reserve requirements or benchmark interest rates, said Shi Lei, a Beijing-based analyst at Bank of China Ltd., the nation’s third-largest lender.

The MSCI Asia Pacific Index of regional stocks fell 0.5 percent and oil for February delivery slid 0.7 percent after 10 days of gains. Copper for three-month delivery dropped 0.7 percent. The Shanghai Composite Index fell 1.9 percent, led by Bank of China Ltd. and Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd.

Tightening in Asia

“We expect some tightening of monetary policy in Asia in the first half,” said Norman Villamin, Singapore-based head of investment analysis for Asia Pacific at Citigroup Private Bank. “Markets will struggle to go higher.”

Australia’s central bank raised borrowing costs by a quarter percentage point on Dec. 1 to 3.75 percent after similar moves in November and October. The Bank of Korea, which meets tomorrow, will probably raise its benchmark rate one percentage point to 3 percent by end-2010, according to a Bloomberg survey of economists. By contrast, the Federal Reserve target rate is close to zero and policy makers last month discussed increasing asset purchases should the economy weaken.

Policy makers will seek “moderate” loan growth while managing inflation expectations, the People’s Bank said yesterday in a report on its annual work meeting. The government has told lenders to pace lending, while tightening mortgage rules for second-home purchases. Liu Mingkang, the top banking regulator, wrote in an opinion piece in Bloomberg News this week that “structural bubbles threaten to emerge” in the economy.

Bill Sales

Guotai Junan’s Jiang said the yield on benchmark one-year bills will climb in open-market operations next week. The central bank resumed sales of those bills on July 9 after an eight-month suspension to help drain cash from banks.

The central bank is set to withdraw 137 billion yuan from the financial market this week, the biggest since the week ended on Oct. 23, according to data compiled by Bloomberg News.

China’s one-year interest-rate swap, the cost of receiving a floating rate for 12 months, rose 10.5 basis points to 2.24 percent. A basis point is 0.01 percentage point.

The central bank kept the benchmark one-year lending rate at a five-year low of 5.31 percent last year after five reductions in the last four months of 2008. It may rise to 5.85 by the end of 2010, according to a Bloomberg News survey of 29 economists in November.

Lending Boom

“There’s no doubt that lending has been excessive and that explains why policy makers are starting to be more cautious about lending this year,” said Qu Hongbin, chief China economist for HSBC Holdings Plc in Hong Kong.

Qu estimates new loans will be limited to 7 trillion yuan in 2010. Banks extended an unprecedented 9.21 trillion yuan of loans in the first 11 months of 2009, compared with 4.15 trillion yuan a year earlier.

The People’s Bank said it would curb volatility in lending and monitor the property market, while reaffirming a “moderately loose” monetary policy. The statement contrasted with the start of 2009, when the central bank targeted “appropriate” increases in lending and said monetary policy would play “a more active role in promoting economic growth.”

Consumer prices climbed 0.6 percent in November from a year earlier, snapping a nine-month run of declines. The central bank is on alert for inflation after economic growth accelerated to 8.9 percent in the third quarter of 2009, the fastest in a year.

Property Prices

Housing Minister Jiang Weixin said yesterday that the nation will limit credit for some home purchases to reduce property-market speculation. Prices across 70 cities rose at the fastest pace in 16 months in November, gaining 5.7 percent from a year earlier, led by Shenzhen, Wenzhou and Jinhua.

The central bank didn’t state a 2010 target for growth in M2, the broad measure of money supply, after overshooting a 17 percent goal last year. The actual rate was more than 25 percent for most of 2009, rising to a record 29.7 percent in November.

“Growth will probably slow this year as tight credit will dampen the demand side,” said Zhang Ling, who helps oversee about $7.21 billion at ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management Co. in Beijing. “That will dash investors’ hopes of another year of fast growth.”


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Evans-Pritchard Telegraph article

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There is no operational support for this scenario. Comments below:

Global bear rally will deflate as Japan leads world in sovereign bond crisis

By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard

Jan. 5 (Telegraph) —

Weak sovereigns will buckle. The shocker will be Japan, our Weimar-in-waiting. This is the year when Tokyo finds it can no longer borrow at 1pc from a captive bond market, and when it must foot the bill for all those fiscal packages that seemed such a good idea at the time. Every auction of JGBs will be a news event as the public debt punches above 225pc of GDP. Finance Minister Hirohisa Fujii will become as familiar as a rock star.

With non convertible currency this makes no sense. If deficit spending does generate excess demand and inflation short rates will rise if markets anticipate BOJ rate hikes as a BOJ reaction function to inflation.

Once the dam breaks, debt service costs will tear the budget to pieces.

That statement has no operational meaning. All payments in yen, dollars, sterling, etc. Are met in one way only- changing numbers upward in member bank reserve accounts. Operationally there is no ‘financial stress’ associated with this process.

Yes, excess deficit spending can cause the currency to fall and inflation, but to get out of a hole first you have to stop digging, and right now the currency is strong and deflation continues as the main concern.

The Bank of Japan will pull the emergency lever on QE.

A non event, apart from somewhat lower term rates.

The country will flip from deflation to incipient hyperinflation.

Not from QE. There is no channel from QE to the real economy, lending, or anything of consequence apart from (modestly) lower term rates.

The yen will fall out of bed, outdoing China’s yuan in the beggar-thy-neighbour race to the bottom.

Yes, excess deficit spending can cause the yen to fall and inflation to increase via the import/export channels.

By then China too will be in a quandary. Wild credit growth can mask the weakness of its mercantilist export model for a while, but only at the price of an asset bubble. Beijing must hit the brakes this year, or store up serious trouble. It will make as big a hash of this as Western central banks did in 2007-2008.

China will also reach political limits only when inflation becomes a political problem.


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