Category Archives: Government Spending

ECB debt buying plan suffers fresh setback

Posted on by

ECB debt buying plan suffers fresh setback

Another silly headline that completely misses the point of monetary operations.

The ‘debt buying plan’ is a purely technical move to do what is called ‘offset operating factors’ as a means to hitting the ECB’s interest rate targets.

The quantity of securities offered to do this is entirely inconsequential. As always, for a central bank, the monopoly supplier of net reserves for its currency of issue, it’s about price (interest rates) and not quantities. And the only possible ‘inflationary impact’ is via the interest rate channels:

(FT) — The European Central Bank faced embarrassment on Tuesday after failing for a second consecutive week to neutralise fully the inflationary impact of funds it had spent buying government bonds to combat the region’s debt crisis. On Tuesday, the ECB was due to reabsorb €76bn – the total amount spent under the bond-buying programme so far. But banks only offered €62bn. Last week, the ECB had also failed to reabsorb the required amount. In total, such operations have failed five times in the past year.

The latest setback was the result of higher market interest rates, which deterred banks from parking funds at the ECB. It could fuel ECB nervousness about its bond buying.

Europe Services, Manufacturing Growth Accelerated in April

(Bloomberg) — European services and manufacturing growth accelerated in April. A composite index based on a survey of euro-area purchasing managers in both industries rose to 57.8 from 57.6 in March, Markit Economics said. That’s in line with an initial estimate on April 19.

They call the above an acceleration, I suppose because it fell in March:

The euro-area services indicator fell to 56.7 from 57.2 in March, Markit said, below a preliminary reading of 56.9 released last month. The manufacturing gauge increased to 58 from 57.5. In Germany, which has fueled the region’s recovery, a manufacturing indicator rose to 62 from 60.9 in March, while a services gauge slipped to 56.8 from 60.1.

Europe Retail Sales Decline Most in Almost a Year on Oil

Note the ‘and government austerity measures’ didn’t make the headline:

(Bloomberg) — European retail sales declined the most in almost a year in March as higher oil prices and government austerity measures curbed consumer spending. Sales in the 17-nation euro region fell 1 percent from the previous month after a revised 0.3 percent increase in February. March sales dropped 1.7 percent from a year earlier. Among services companies, “expectations for their activity levels in 12 months’ time slipped for the second successive month to reach a six-month low,” Markit said in a report. German retail sales declined 2.1 percent in March from February, when they fell 0.4 percent, today’s Eurostat report showed. In France, sales dropped 1 percent. Spanish sales fell 1.4 percent, while Ireland saw a 0.6 percent increase.

Share

Japan’s new vehicle sales mark largest fall in April

Posted on by

All looking very weak, probably weaker than expectations, and the (modest) new spending appears to be paid for by reductions in other spending, so no fiscal response yet.

Headlines:

Japan’s new vehicle sales mark largest fall in April
Japan’s Wages Fall, Highlighting Risks to Economic Recovery
Japan Passes Y4tln Emergency Budget, But Political Standoff Not Over
Domestic Auto Sales Fall 51% In April

Japan’s new vehicle sales mark largest fall in April

Workers give the final checkup on the cars of Honda Accord Tourer at Honda Motor Co.’s Saitama Factory in Sayama, north of Tokyo, Monday, April 18, 2011.(AP Photo/Shizuo Kambayashi)TOKYO (Kyodo) — Sales of new vehicles including minivehicles in Japan marked the largest fall of 47.3 percent in April from a year earlier to 185,673 units in the wake of the devastating March 11 earthquake and tsunami in the country’s northeastern region, industry bodies said Monday.

The sales volume was also the record monthly low, which was smaller than the previous low of 198,693 units marked in January 1968, according to the Japan Automobile Dealers Association and the Japan Mini Vehicles Association.

The rate of decline beat the previous record fall of 40.7 percent in May 1974 as disruptions in supply chains triggered by the disaster forced automakers to significantly curtail output.

Sales of vehicles, excluding minivehicles with engines of up to 660 cc, plunged 51.0 percent to a record low of 108,824 units, falling for the eighth straight month and registering the sharpest percentage fall.

Minivehicle sales dropped 41.1 percent to 76,849 units, also marking the largest percentage fall.

Japan’s Wages Fall, Highlighting Risks to Economic Recovery

May 2 (Bloomberg) — Japan’s wages slid for the first time in 13 months in March, underscoring the risk that slumping consumer spending may undermine the recovery from an earthquake that left more than 25,000 people dead or missing.

Monthly pay including overtime and bonuses dropped 0.4 percent from a year earlier to 274,886 yen ($3,383), the Labor Ministry said today in Tokyo. Overtime work hours fell 2 percent to 10.1 hours, the data showed.

The wage data highlight the economic damage from the March 11 disaster, which caused a record decline in factory output and decreases in retail sales, household spending and consumer confidence. Japan’s parliament passed today a 4 trillion yen ($49 billion) extra budget put together by Prime Minister Naoto Kan to pay for reconstruction in the northeast area.

“The impact of the earthquake on wages will materialize in coming months,” said Azusa Kato, an economist at BNP Paribas in Tokyo. “Corporate earnings are worsening, which could prompt companies to start cutting salaries,” and that “will likely weigh on personal consumption.”

The Nikkei 225 Stock Average rose 1.6 percent to close at 10004.20 today after U.S. companies reported better-than- expected earnings and President Barack Obama said al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was killed. The yen weakened 0.3 percent to 81.47 against the dollar at 4:16 p.m. in Tokyo.

Nomura’s Income

Nomura Holdings Inc., Japan’s largest brokerage, said last week its net income fell 35 percent to 11.9 billion yen in the three months ended March 11, as income from investment banking and trading declined.

Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co. and Nissan Motor Co., Japan’s three biggest carmakers, say domestic output plunged in March. Toyota may lose output of 300,000 vehicles in Japan and 100,000 overseas through the end of April due to quake-related shutdowns, Executive Vice President Atsushi Niimi said last month.

Sales of cars, trucks and buses, excluding minicars, fell 51 percent in Japan from a year earlier to a record-low 108,824 vehicles in April, the Japan Automobile Dealers Association said in a statement today.

Japan’s industrial production plunged 15.3 percent in March from February, the largest drop since data began in 1953, government data showed last week. Household spending slid 8.5 percent from a year earlier in March, while consumer confidence fell the most on record, data last month showed.

‘Severe’ Outlook

The Bank of Japan last week cut its growth estimate for the nation for the year ending March 2012 to 0.6 percent from a January prediction of 1.6 percent, with Governor Masaaki Shirakawa saying the economic outlook is “severe.”

Consumer spending may decrease in both the first and second quarters and rebound in the third quarter at the earliest, BNP Paribas’ Kato said. Such outlays make up about 60 percent of Japan’s gross domestic product.

Kan’s extra budget, which the prime minister says will be one of several financing packages for rebuilding, may create around 200,000 jobs and support some 1.5 million workers, the government estimated last week.

The government projected in March that damage from the disaster may reach 25 trillion yen.

Seven & I Holdings Co., the owner of the 7-Eleven convenience-store brand, said last month its full-year profit may decline 22 percent. Aeon Co., which may surpass Seven & I to become the country’s biggest retailer in terms of revenue this fiscal year, said net income may decline 33 percent.

Japan Passes Y4tln Emergency Budget, But Political Standoff Not Over

(Dow Jones) Japan’s parliament passed a Y4 trillion disaster relief budget on Monday. The extra budget, which totals Y4.015 trillion and is the first of a planned series of spending packages to deal with the aftermath of the disaster, does not involve additional government borrowing as it will be financed by funds previously earmarked for other spending. The government will now shift its focus to drafting a broad after-quake reconstruction plan as well as a long-term blueprint to overhaul Japan’s tax and social security systems by the end of June. The government will then compile a second extra budget to fund other quake-related measures, Prime Minister Kan and Finance Minister Yoshihiko Noda have indicated.

Domestic Auto Sales Fall 51% In April

(Dow Jones) Japan’s domestic sales of new cars, trucks and buses dropped 51.0% from a year earlier in April, as supply chain problems after the massive earthquake and tsunami on March 11 reduced supplies of new vehicles to customers. Sales totaled 108,824 vehicles in April. The sales drop in April came after a 37% on-year decline in March. Sales of Toyota Motor Corp. vehicles dropped 68.7% to 35,557 vehicles in April, with those of its luxury brand Lexus down 44.7% at 1,656. Nissan Motor Co. vehicle sales tumbled 37.2% to 17,413 in the month, while Honda Motor Co.’s sales sagged 48.5% to 18,923. Auto sales are the first consumer spending numbers released each month. The figures don’t include sales of mini cars and trucks.

Share

The other Warren (Buffet) gets MMT?

Posted on by

Waiting for the day when he adds:

‘There for federal taxes function to regulate aggregate demand, and not to raise revenue per se.’

Warren Buffett: Failure to Raise Debt Limit Would Be ‘Most Asinine Act’ Ever By Congress

By Alex Crippen

April 30 (CNBC) — Warren Buffett says if Congress fails to raise the U.S. debt limit, it would be its “most asinine act” ever. But he told shareholders today there’s “no chance” lawmakers will fail to do so, despite “waste of time” debates on Capitol Hill.

While Buffett doesn’t want the nation to keep increasing its debt relative to GDP, he says there’s shouldn’t be a legislated debt limit to begin with, because circumstances change.

Buffett says the U.S. will not “have a debt crisis of any kind as long as we keep issuing our notes in our own currency.” Inflation resulting from a “printing press” approach, however, is a serious threat.

Charlie Munger’s view: the political parties are competing with each other to see who can be the most stupid, and they keep topping themselves.

If the debt limit is not raised, the government would run out of money, forcing a significant shutdown.

The current $14.3 trillion limit expires on May 16, although the administration has said it will be able to juggle some funds so that a shutdown would not happen immediately.

Share

MBA’s index of loan requests for home purchases tumbled 13.6 percent

Posted on by

This is disturbing, along with still weak housing price indicators, and the ongoing downward revisions to GDP forecasts, as aggregate demand remains under international attack on all fronts.

On the govt side, China is cutting demand to fight inflation, with India and Brazil presumed to be doing same. Austerity measures continue to bite in the UK and the euro zone, and are looming in the US.

On the private credit expansion side, regulatory over reach continues to restrict lending by the US banking system, and particularly with the small banks. This limits both bank and non bank lending, as the non bank lending is most often at least indirectly dependent on bank lending.

Additionally, the rising costs of food and fuel are taking purchasing power from those with the higher propensities to consume and shifting it to those with far lower propensities to consume.

And, of course, ongoing QE continues to remove interest income from the economy, as does the shift of interest income from savers to bank and other lender net interest margins, in a process that has yet to reach the national debate as a point of discussion.

Other commodity prices also continue to rise as hoarding from pension funds and the like via passive commodity strategies continues to expand globally.

This sends price signals that increase supply, which means human beings are being mobilized to produce stockpiles of gold, silver, and other metals and commodities not to ever be used for real consumption, but to forever remain as ‘reserves’ to index financial performance as demanded by current institutional structures. This is a monumental waste of human endeavor as well as the real resources, including energy, that are committed to this process.

So at the macro level we are removing teachers from what have become over crowded classrooms, removing nurses from neglected patients, and removing workers from building, repairing, and maintaining our homes and other infrastructure, to send them to either the unemployment lines or the gold mines.

And because they think at any moment we can suddenly become the next Greece, both sides agree with the necessity and urgency of promoting this policy.

Mortgage Applications Fell Last Week: MBA

April 27 (Reuters) — Applications for U.S. home mortgages fell last week as higher insurance premiums for government-insured loans sapped demand, an industry group said Wednesday.

The Mortgage Bankers Association said its seasonally adjusted index of mortgage application activity, which includes both refinancing and home purchase demand, fell 5.6 percent in the week ended April 22.

“Purchase applications fell last week, driven primarily by a sharp decrease in government purchase applications as new, higher Federal Housing Administration premiums went into effect,” Michael Fratantoni, MBA’s vice president of research and economics, said in a statement.

The decline reverses a recent increase in government purchase applications, which was likely due to borrowers trying to beat the deadline, Fratantoni said.

The MBA’s seasonally adjusted index of loan requests for home purchases tumbled 13.6 percent, while the gauge of refinancing applications slipped 0.6 percent.

Fixed 30-year mortgage rates averaged 4.80 percent in the week, easing from 4.83 percent the week before.

Share

Euro-Area Debt Reaches Record 85.1% of GDP as Crisis Festers

Posted on by

It’s hard to say from the headlines whether proactive deficit reduction measures are slowing the economies to the point where the slowing is causing their deficits to increase.

However, if that is the case, continuing their deficit reduction efforts will only make things worse, to the point of forcing social upheaval.

And the rising deficits will begin to weaken the euro, as the deficit reduction that initially worked to strengthen the euro reverse.

And higher rates from the ECB will only serve to further increase national government deficits via higher interest payments by those same governments.

This also makes euro ‘easier to get’ and thereby weakens the currency.

Yes, the euro zone is seeing ‘inflation’, as they define it, moving higher, but under current conditions I don’t see any channel from rate hikes to lower ‘inflation’, again as they define it. But I do see how higher rates can instead add to the general price level through income interest and cost channels. All of which would be exacerbated should this policy also cause the euro to depreciate.

With regards to funding, there is nothing operationally to stop the ECB from, for all practical purposes, funding/backstopping the entire banking system as well as the national governments.

The question is the political will, which is not quantifiable.

And the solution remains painfully simple- the ECB can simply announce an annual payment of 10% of the euro zone’s gdp to the national governments on a per capita basis.

This will have no effect on inflation as it won’t get spent. It will only serve to allow all of the national governments to borrow at the ECB’s target rate, which would lower funding costs for the nations currently paying premiums for funding.

This will also give the ECB a lever to control deficits- the threat of suspending a nation’s funding if it is not in compliance.

And by removing the threat of market discipline from funding, the region would be free to set their stability and growth pact deficit targets at levels designed to achieve their macro economic goals for employment, output, and price stability.

Euro-Area Debt Reaches Record 85.1% of GDP as Crisis Festers

(Bloomberg) Euro-area debt reached a record in 2010. Debt rose in all 16 countries that were using the euro last year, lifting the bloc’s average to 85.1 percent of gross domestic product from 79.3 percent in 2009, the European Union’s statistics office said. Greece’s deficit topped expectations and debt ballooned to 142.8 percent of GDP, the highest in the euro’s 12-year history. Ireland’s debt surged the most, by 30.6 percentage points to 96.2 percent of GDP. Contingent liabilities from guaranteeing the banking system after the 2008 financial panic now amount to 6.5 percent of GDP, down from 8.6 percent in 2009, Eurostat said.

Share

Robert Reich’s no so innocent fraud

Posted on by

Obama’s Real Budget Plan (and Why It’s a Huge Gamble)

By Robert Reich

Here’s the part of interest to me:

Yet what are the chances of a booming recovery? The economy is now growing at an annualized rate of only 1.5 percent. That’s pitiful. It’s not nearly enough to bring down the rate of unemployment, or remove the danger of a double dip. Real wages continue to drop. Housing prices continue to drop. Food and gas prices are rising. Consumer confidence is still in the basement.

Fair enough, now on to the problem and the remedy:

By focusing the public’s attention on the budget deficit, the President is still playing on the Republican’s field. By advancing his own “twelve year plan” for reducing it – without talking about the economy’s underlying problem – he appears to validate their big lie that reducing the deficit is the key to future prosperity.

Promising rhetoric there- deficit reduction isn’t the answer!

The underlying problem isn’t the budget deficit.

Really getting my hopes up now!

It’s that so much income and wealth are going to the top that most Americans don’t have the purchasing power to sustain a strong recovery.

****sound of a balloon deflating****

Until steps are taken to alter this fundamental imbalance – for example, exempting the first $20K of income from payroll taxes while lifting the cap on income subject to payroll taxes, raising income and capital gains taxes on millionaires and using the revenues to expand the Earned Income Tax Credit up to incomes of $50,000, strengthening labor unions, and so on – a strong recovery may not be possible.

Message to Bob:

I suspect you understand taxes function to regulate aggregate demand, not to fund expenditures per se?

So please don’t blow smoke and instead just state that the tax cut part of your proposal is meant to add to aggregate demand,

And that the tax increase part is to achieve your vision of social equity without subtracting very much from aggregate demand.

Instead, by doing it the way you are doing it, you are implying that the deficit per se is of economic consequence.

This makes you part of the problem, rather than part of the answer, as you are supporting the deficit myths which are preventing any actual solution from being implemented.

Robert B. Reich has served in three national administrations, most recently as secretary of labor under President Bill Clinton. He also served on President Obama’s transition advisory board. His latest book is Supercapitalism.

Share

Thoughts on S+P action re USA

Posted on by

>   
>   —– Original Message —–
>   From: Hadden, Glenn (FID)
>   Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 04:45 PM
>   Subject: IMPORTANT – thoughts on S+P action re USA
>   

I would like to address the action taken today by S+P in revising the United
States credit outlook to negative.

Simply, I believe the argument behind S+P’s decision is flawed and displays
a misunderstanding of how the monetary system operates. My view is not
predicated on any political ideology. I am merely attempting to demonstrate
the incorrect logic regarding United States credit quality and solvency.

1. FINANCIAL BALANCE FRAMEWORK:
The first fundamental item that must be understood is how financial balances
relate to government indebtedness. In a closed economy (or an economy with a
perpetually balanced current account), government deficits must equal
private savings. If private savings desires increase, a government’s deficit
must increase by precisely the same amount all things equal. There is no
other way.

In the case of the United States, the budget deficit has grown to 10% of gdp
from approximately 4% of gdp because the savings rate has shifted from
approximately negative 2% to approximately positive 6%. Simply stated, the
federal budget isn’t a function of profligate government spending, its a
function of higher desired private savings causing a shortage of aggregate
demand. This shortage of aggregate demand is putting downward pressure on
tax revenues (lower nominal gdp implies lower tax revenues) and upward
pressures on expenditures owing to automatic stabilizers such as UI.

With this example, it is theoretically possible to have much larger
government deficit and debt levels if savings desires grow commensurately.
If private sector savings desires were to fall, which implies higher
aggregate demand (because the spending of a person in the private sector
simply creates another person’s income), the government deficit would fall
commensurately owing to higher tax revenues and possibly lower expenditures.

2. MYTHS REGARDING FOREIGN INVESTORS FUNDING THE UNITED STATES AND EXTERNAL LIABILITIES:
Firstly, the most important item to understand is the USA discharges its
debt in $US. So the entire argument of rating agencies behind ‘external
funding pressures’ is moot. Functionally there is no difference between a
holder of UST’s who is domiciled in USA or abroad, as they are both $US
dominated savers. The only difference is the foreign saver has no ‘need’ to
save in $US (where a USA investors needs $US as a means of exchange and to
pay his taxes).
So, what if foreign now dump their ust’s?
Foreign investors own ust’s and $us because they WANT to own them. By
engaging in fx driven trade policies, foreigners ‘pay up’ to get $US which
allows them greater sales into the USA market. If foreigners didn’t want to
save in $US, they would change their fx policy which would result in less
market share in USA economy. Foreigners can’t be both buyers and sellers
simultaneously. If foreigners wanted to own less $US, the result would be a
smaller current account deficit in USA, which again using a financial
balance framework would either result in more private savings, or a smaller
govt deficit. Bottom line – if foreigners want to have fewer savings in $US,
either private savers must increase savings, or the govt deficit must fall.

3. MYTHS REGARDING FOREIGN INVESTORS FUNDING THE UNITED STATES AND EXTERNAL LIABILITIES part II:
The same way banks offer savers demand deposits and term deposits (ie
chequing accounts versus savings accounts) the USA economy offers savers the
same in the form of $US (demand assets) or UST (term asset). Foreign savers
can therefore keep their $ at their Fed Reserve account and earn basically
zero (functionally a ‘chequing’ or demand account) or buy UST’s
(functionally a ‘savings’ or term account) and earn a coupon. There is no
other way to save in risk free space. As said above, foreigners who engage
in fx driven trade policies must accumulate $US demoninated assets. The only
choice they have is term vs demand assets. So indeed if foreigners declined
to own ust’s and alternatively kept their savings in $US at the Fed, the
result could be a higher and steeper term structure for USA rates. If the
Treasury decided to sell less ust’s and more tbills, this term structure
rise could be negated. Note foreigners actions are never about SOLVENCY, its
merely a function of liquidity preference.

4. THE DEFAULT BY THE SOVEREIGN OPERATING WITHIN A NON-CONVERTABLE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME IS A *FUNCTIONAL* IMPOSSIBILITY:
One must also understand the mechanics of government spending. A government
purchases goods and services from the private sector and then the Federal
Reserve credits the reserve accounts of the commercial banks whom the
sellers of such good and services bank. The Fed then debits the reserve
account of The US Treasury. The Treasury then sells ust’s, where the Fed
then credits the Treasury’s reserve account while debiting the reserve
accounts of the banking system.

So all that has happened is the government has created savings in the
economy by spending (from point 1 above: govt spending = private savings).
So as is illustrated, there is no issue of ‘solvency’ per se. The
government, by spending, is creating the savings to buy the ust’s. The only
issue here is the term gap. Specifically if savers only want demand assets
(ie $us), while the Treasury only wants to sell term assets (ie ust’s), the
resolution will be price and risk premium: ie how much interest rate spread
will a bank or arbitrageur need to intermediate this imbalance. This can all
be negated of course, if the Treasury only issued T-bills.

5. THE DEFAULT BY THE SOVEREIGN OPERATING WITHIN A NON-CONVERTABLE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME IS A *FUNCTIONAL* IMPOSSIBILITY part II:
This is the fundamental flaw of the S+P decision. The basis of their
sovereign rating criteria is as they describe it is: “The capacity and
willingness to pay its debts on time”. As mentioned above, there is
functionally no reason for the USA to ever not pay its debts – the USA’s
debts are and will always be equal to savings desires of the private and
foreign sectors. So ‘CAPACITY’ can never be an issue.

Hence the only reason the USA would ever default was because they ‘wanted’
to default, they never under any circumstance NEED to default so long as the
$US remains a non-convertable currency. The implications for a voluntary
default (again, this is the only kind of default possible by the USA) make
such a default an impossibility. The reason is because the 2nd largest
liability of the federal government is deposit insurance. If the USA decided
it wanted to default to escape its obligations, it would bankrupt its
banking system, who’s holdings of ust’s are greater than system-wide bank
capital of $1.4 Trillion. In fact the contingent liability put the
government has issue via deposit insurance is almost as large as USA debt
held by the public at $6.2 Trillion. So essentially a voluntary default
would actually INCREASE USA indebtedness by almost 100% while
simultaneouslybankrupting its banking system. So if ABILITY to pay is
assured, and a voluntary default actually raises indebtedness while
collapsing the banking system and economy, why would USA ever voluntarily
default? So S+P’s criteria of ‘WILLINGNESS’ to pay is also not applicable.

SUMMARY:
So as demonstrated, the bottom line is ABILITY to pay can never be an issue
in a non-convertable currency system. The only issue is WILLINGNESS to pay.
So if the argument by S+P relates to “the capacity and willingness to pay
its debts on time” as they described on Monday’s call, then their argument
simply isn’t cogent.

The last point I want to make is it would be incorrect to attempt to draw an
analogy to the placement of the UK on credit watch in mid May 2009 relating
to market performance. Yes indeed gilts sold off shortly after this
announcement. However this was more a function of the unhinging of the USA
MBS market. There existed a perception that the Fed via QE1 was attempting
to cap current coupon mortgage rates at 4%. Once this level was breached and
it became clear in mid/late May that this view was incorrect, a convexity
sell event hit the USA rates market which dragged all global bond yields
higher including Gilts.

To conclude – I view the decision today by S+P as having zero impact on
valuations of USA sovereign debt. We continue to engage in trades that
express the correct view that the solvency of the United States can never be
an issue in nominal terms; specifically we are buyers of 30yr assets swaps
at -25bps.

Share

MMT’s Professor L. Randall Wray makes the NY Times!

Posted on by

Ignore the Raters

By L. Randall Wray

April 18 (NYT)

L. Randall Wray is a professor of economics at the University of Missouri-Kansas City and a senior scholar at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. He is the author of“Understanding Modern Money,” and blogs at New Economic Perspectives.

In what appears to be an attempt to influence the political debate in Washington over federal government deficits, Standards & Poor’s rating firm downgraded U.S. debt to negative from stable. Yes, the raters who blessed virtually every toxic waste subprime security they saw with AAA ratings now see problems with sovereign government debt.

The best thing to do is to ignore the raters — as markets usually do when sovereign debt gets downgraded — but this time stock indexes fell, probably because of the uncertain prospects concerning government budgeting. After all, we barely avoided a government shutdown earlier this month, and with S.&P. joining the fray who knows whether the government will continue to pay its bills?

Mind you, this has nothing to do with economics, government solvency or involuntary default. A sovereign government can always make payments as they come due by crediting bank accounts — something recognized by Chairman Ben Bernanke when he said the Fed spends by marking up the size of the reserve accounts of banks.

Similarly Chairman Alan Greenspan said that Social Security can never go broke because government can meet all its obligations by “creating money.”

Instead, sovereign government spending is constrained by budgeting procedure and by Congressionally imposed debt limits. In other words, by self-imposed constraints rather than by market constraints.

Government needs to be concerned about pressures on inflation and the exchange rate should its spending become excessive. And it should avoid “crowding out” private initiative by moving too many resources to our public sector. However, with high unemployment and idle plant and equipment, no one can reasonably argue that these dangers are imminent.

Strangely enough, the ratings agencies recognized long ago that sovereign currency-issuing governments do not really face solvency constraints. A decade ago Moody’s downgraded Japan to Aaa3, generating a sharp reaction from the government. The raters back-tracked and said they were not rating ability to pay, but rather the prospects for inflation and currency depreciation. After 10 more years of running deficits, Japan’s debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratio is 200 percent, it borrows at nearly zero interest rates, it makes every payment that comes due, its yen remains strong and deflation reigns.

While I certainly hope we do not repeat Japan’s economic experience of the past two decades, I think the impact of downgrades by raters of U.S. sovereign debt will have a similar impact here: zip.

Share