Saudis Do Set World Oil Prices – Despite Bold Denials

Published November 12, 2007 in the Financial Times

From Mr Warren Mosler.

Sir, As crude oil prices continue to rise, the media continue to assume that competitive market forces are behind the increase, including political tensions, weather, supply disruptions and demand pressures. Completely overlooked, however, is the fact that the Saudis post their offered prices for the oil they sell to their refiners, and let the quantity they deliver vary with demand. It is a simple case of monopoly price-setting. The Saudis are acting as “swing producer” and setting the world price.

As a point of logic, the Saudis have no choice but to set the price of oil. At the margin, they are in fact the sole supplier of about 8.5m barrels of crude that the world currently needs from them every day. As all economics students are taught, any sole supplier is necessarily a “price-setter”.
Of course, the Saudis boldly deny that they set prices. However, they do say they do not sell in the spot markets, but that they do (publicly) post their desired prices to the refiners who buy their oil.

The Saudis will continue as price-setter until net world supply increases sufficiently to cause Saudi sales to fall and production to drop to unsustainably low levels. This is what happened in the early 1980s and persisted until the last several years when a decrease in net available world supply put the Saudis back in the driver’s seat.

Additionally, President Vladimir Putin seems to have gained control over pricing of Russian oil, making him a world “price-setter” as well. This means that either the Saudis or the Russians can raise prices at will, and the rest of the market automatically follows.

The bottom line is that the price of oil will rise to the higher of any price Russia or the Saudis desire, with no relief unless there is a drop in net world demand that reduces the demand for both Saudi and Russian output to unsustainably low levels.

Warren Mosler,
Chairman,
Valance,
St Croix, USVI 00820
(Senior Associate Fellow, Cambridge Centre for Economic and Public Policy, University of Cambridge, UK)

Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2007

Re: U.S. $ and oil prices; the T-bill and the fed target rate

(email from Tom @ Laffer Investments)

> Looking at this chart of the 91-day T-bill…don’t think
> the Fed’s not going to cut rates on December 11th. We
> expect .50 bps and more cuts early next year…unless
> something changes.

The low t-bill rate is due to money funds switching asset choices away from any perception of risk, and moving the indifference levels between bills and fed funds, libor, etc. It’s part of what is being called ‘repricing of risk’ and has nothing to do with where the fed funds rate ‘ought to be’.

> Arthur and I were discussing Abu Dhabi’s investment in
> Citigroup. As you know, Arthur has been saying that
> the dollar can only fall so far until investors step
> in to buy U.S. denominated assets. When that starts
> in earnest, he says, the dollar will find a bottom.
> (See Laffer Associate’s ‘Whither the Dollar’). Abu
> Dhabi’s massive investment may signify that point. We
> would not be surprised to see a floor forming in the
> U.S. dollar as a result of factors such as the
> Citigroup investment.

Agreed! PPP is a powerful force, but often takes quite a while to assert itself.

Additionally, ‘fundamentals’ in favor to the $US also include the fact that the US budget deficit as a % of GDP is at a very low level, which tightens the ‘new’ supply of $US denominated net financial assets available.

Forces working against the $US recently recently are portfolio shifts due to concern over fed policy that has the appearance of ‘inflate your way our of debt’ and ‘beggar thy neighbor’ demand stealing ‘competitive devaluations/exports’.

Once the flood of portfolio shifts subsides, I agree the $US looks ok.

> Which leads us to oil prices. As you know, we look
> for the substitution effect in the supply of and
> demand for oil to create a ceiling on oil prices.
> That substitution effect is clearly underway. The
> wild-card has been the U.S. dollar. A weakening
> dollar has postponed the fall in oil prices, as you
> know.

The Saudis are acting as swing producer – posting price and letting quantity pumped adjust, thereby setting price at whatever level they want. So, the thing to watch is Saudi production. If it rises, that’s bullish for oil as it indicates more demand at the current prices. If Saudi production falls, it means net supply is increasing and the Saudis are able to sell less at current prices. They will hold price until the amount they are selling falls below 7 million BPS is my best guess.

Also, to compound matters, the Russians are doing the same thing; so, we have two swing producers, and the price goes to the higher of where the two post prices, as at the margin we need all of their current production of the day.

> We would not be surprised to see other investors step
> in to buy U.S. assets on the cheap much as Japan did
> in the early 90’s. You may remember the effect
> Japan’s buying had on the U.S. dollar then.

Yes, the $US shortage caused by tight US fiscal policy will turn the boat when the international portfolios run out of amo.

> A strengthening dollar and a slowing global economy
> could knock much of the froth out of oil prices.

Only if the Saudis/Russians decide to accept lower prices. Don’t underestimate them!!!

> Regarding OPEC: don’t think they aren’t aware of the
> fact that the U.S. economy is slowing.
>
> Maybe because so far it isn’t. Gasoline demand is still going up, though at a slower rate.
> Don’t think the heightened level of fear regarding a
> U.S. recession isn’t effecting their discourse heading
> into their December 5th meeting. We expect them to
> pump more oil. It doesn’t behoove them to be an
> accomplice in the murder of the U.S. economy.

They already pump all that’s demanded at their posted prices. You’re missing that dynamic in your analysis, and Art agrees with me.


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